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CHATTANOOGA 

The Mountain City 




^ Souvenir Volume 

COMPILED FOR THE SPRING MEETING OF THE 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF 
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 

(Tljttltanooga, yCliXi, 1-4. 1906 



: : ; BY : : : 

THOMAS E. MURRA Y 



PUBLISHED BY 



The CHATTANOOGA & TENNESSEE 
RIVER POWER CO Chattanooga, Tenn. 



r A- 



\M 



^.IBRARY ot CONGRESS 
Two CooiBS Received 

WAY 9 1906 

9opvrifrht Entry . 
. SS Qy XXc, No, 
'COPY B,' 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year igo6 by Thomas E. Murray 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



Designed Engraved Printed 

MacGOWAN-COOKE PRINTING CO. 

CHATTANOOGA 



This volume has been compiled as a 
guide for the visiting members of the American 
Society of Mechanical Engineers and their 
friends to the many attractions and places of 
interest in and about Chattanooga. It is hoped 
that it may be both useful for the present as a 
guide and in the future as a souvenir of a 
pleasant and enjoyable sojourn in the Moun- 
tain City." 

I wish to thank Geo. W. Ochs and the 
Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce for per- 
mission to use copyright matter, and the Man- 
ufacturer and its business manager, G. E. 
Hatcher, for material and other assistance in 
the preparation of the volume. 

Thomas E. Murray. 

Nen.v York, April, 1906. 



For Program of Chattanooga Meeting of the American 
Society of Mechanical Engineers, see page 50. 

For description of plant of the Chattanooga and Ten=. 
nesse River Power Co., see page 42. 

Information for Visitors, see page 52. 



Chattanooga, the Mountain Citv - - 5 

The National Military Park - - 14 

Lookout Mountain - - - - 18 

The Chattanooga Campaign - - 21 

Hamilton County 24 

Industrial Chattanooga • • - 34 

The State of Tennessee - - - - 45 



CHATTANOOGA 

The Mountain City 



Chattanooga, the Mountain City, situated on the left bank of 
the Tennessee River, on the borders of three states, has been greatly 
favored by nature, as well as by man. Struggled for in war by 
contending armies, sought for in peace by the great highways of 
commerce, she has a glorious history to commemorate and a won- 
derful development of the arts of peace to maintain her supremacy 
in the mountain regions of the south. 

The citizens of Chattanooga live in the midst of natural scenic 
attractions, which may be said to be unsurpassed, a climate removed 
from the heat of the south and the cold of the north, with health- 
giving hills and mountains close at hand, stores of coal, iron and 
timber at their very doors, husy industry surrounding them on all 
sides and a population gathered from all points of the globe, liv- 
ing in peace and harmony and striving to build up the community 
with a substantial and solid progress. 

The scope of country which is known as the Chattanooga 
District, comprises the surrounding counties of Tennessee, Georgia 
and Alabama, lying within a radius of from seventy-five to one 
hundred and fifty miles, whose commercial, mining and manufac- 
turing interests are centered at this point. 

The wonderful progress and development of this section since 
the Civil War has been unparalleled in history, clearly indicating 
the ultimate pre-eminence of a country m.ost favored by the boun- 
teous hand of nature. It is a well known fact that previous to 
the war no section of the Union excelled this, either in the produc- 
tion of material wealth or in the civilization, culture and refine- 
ment of its citizenship. Many of the foremost men which America 
has produced were born and raised in these states, and the energy, 
zeal and patriotism of this people have been the admiration of 
the world. 



From the fact that this immediate vicinity was the scene of vast 
operations, including many fierce conflicts and decisive battles, all 
the destructiveness of war was exemplified here, and at its close 
general industrial conditions were far worse than they could pos- 
sibly have been in an entirely new country. Thousands of people 
were thrown upon their own resources, vidthout homes, property 
or credit. With mills and factories destroyed, farms and planta- 
tions abandoned, all lines of transportation obstructed, and politi- 
cal conditions unsettled, menacing even life and property, these 
people, with a fortitude and courage unexampled in the history 
of nations, set about to recover their fallen fortunes. Encouraged 
by their example and impressed with the boundless natural re- 
sources of this section and its advantages, people from other states, 
both North and South, came here to establish homes and assist 
in the regeneration of the country. 

The results which have been accomplished, briefly outlined in 
these pages, will stand as a living monument to the energy and 
enterprise of the American people, and an eloquent testimonial 
to the favorable natural conditions which have made it possible 
within the life of one generation to accomplish so much. 

It is not the purpose of this sketch to trace in detail the trans- 
formation of a devastated land and a little, ruined, straggling 
Southern village of, perhaps, 2,000 population into a district of 
happy homes, in touch with all the elements of modern progress 
and a bustling, thriving, progressive city of over 70,000 people. 
But we may briefly review the causes which have contributed to this 
astonishing result, and find therein a reasonable and logical basis 
for our faith in the future greatness of this city and the further 
development and prosperity of the district of which it is the 
metropolis. 

Perhaps the first and most important question in this connec- 
tion is that of physical health as based on favorable climatic con- 
ditions. The whole district is a natural sanitarium, and Chatta- 
nooga is one of the healthiest cities in the world. The mountain 
breezes temper the heat of summer, while the lofty Cumberland 
ranges to the northwest protect the valleys from the fierce blasts 
of winter. It is no unusual thing for the people in this district 
to enjoy the most beautiful sunny days, while those in localities 
far south of us are struggling with frost and fog, ice and snow. 
In summer the highest daily temperature at Chattanooga rarely 
equals that of cities in the northwestern states. 



As shown by the records of the Weather Bureau at Chattanooga, 
the average annual temperature is 60 degrees; average annual 
rainfall, 54 inches. The isothermal line which passes through 
Chattanooga runs just south of St. Louis and San Francisco, 
through Lisbon, Madrid, Marseilles, Rome, Naples and a little 
south of Constantinople. The climate of this district is not subject 
to violent or sudden changes. The average temperature for the 
summer months is 76 degrees; for winter, 44 degrees; spring and 
autumn, 60 degrees ; average of clear, sunshiny days out of the 91 
included in each season is, summer, 78; autumn, Q8: winter, 53, 
and spring, 63. A comparison of this record with other sections 
will be a revelation to many, and it proves the assertion that this 
climate rivals that of Italy. 

The elevation of the city above sea level averages about 700 
feet, and the surrounding mountain plateaus from 2,000 to 3,000 
feet. 

It is stated that no case of pulmonary consumption was ever 
known to develop among the residents of these mountain table 
lands, but of course it is impossible to absolutely verify this as a 
fact. It is certain, however, that these mountain districts are re- 
markably free from this dreaded disease, notwithstanding the fact 
that thousands of people resort here for the benefit of their health, 
many of whom are suffering from its ravages when they come. 

The supply of drinking water is obtained throughout the rural 
districts almost entirely from mountain springs, many of which 
furnish mineral waters of great medicinal value. The supply for 
the city is obtained from the Tennessee river, pumped into the 
mains after going through an elaborate system of filters and set- 
tling basins. From a sanitary standpoint, the city supply is 
almost absolutely pure, and will compare favorably with that of 
any city in the LTnited States. 

The annual death rate for the white population in the city for 
the last year was 13.4 per thousand, which is the highest for many 
years, the average being about 10 per thousand. This in itself tells 
the story of a healthy country and needs no comment. 

The city has an excellent drainage system, including forty miles 
of brick, tile and cast iron sewers, and there is no such things as 
marshes, stagnant pools or filthy mud holes in the vicinity. 

The streets are well paved and first class gravel roadways reach 
out to all the suburbs aud surrounding country. 

The mortality among children, in all communities alike, is a 



most unerring sanitary monitor, for where the little ones perish 
there exists also danger to the health of the adult population. 

Strikingly in contrast with the experience in other cities, north, 
east and west, is the infrequency in Chattanooga of scarlet fever, 
diphtheria and typhoid fever. These insatiable angels of death 
and destroyers of the happiness and hopes of families have never 
prevailed in epidemic form in this community. 

The careful examination of a map showing the river courses 
and mountain ranges in this region will help to explain what has 
been said about climate, and it will also show the reason why Chat- 
tanooga has come to have the best transportation facilities of any 
city in the south. It has been remarked that it would puzzle an 
engineer to run a line of railroad anywhere in this neighborhood 
without going through Chattanooga. The railroads stretch out 
from this city like the lines of a spider's web, to all points of the 
compass, following the valleys which converge at this point and 
the course of the river, which breaks through the Cumberland 
Mountains a few miles below the city. Being about equidistant 
between the larger cities of the North and South, East and West, 
makes this the natural crossing and division point for all lines, 
and the principal interior terminal point of the South. 

Railroads are, of course, a necessity, but do not answer all the 
purposes of transportation required by great cities, and it has been 
remarked as a peculiar coincidence that large rivers run near the 
great cities right where they are the most needed. The Tennessee 
is one of the great rivers of North America, draining an immense 
territory in six great states. The National Government has done 
much to better the navigation of the Tennessee, and more improve- 
ment is to come enlarging the opportunities for river commerce, 
while the electric power plant of the Chattanooga and Tennessee 
River Power Company about to be established in connection with 
the work of river improvement gives hope of a great impetus to 
the industries. 

Chattanooga is at the head of what is called the mountain sec- 
tion of this great river, and thus has water transportation to all 
western river points and the Gulf of Mexico, besides all points 
on the 1,800 miles of navigable waters above the city. 

The Chattanooga District is not what might be called a rich 
agricultural country, for the reason that a large percentage of 
its area is rough, broken and mountainous; but in the valle5^s the 
conditions for successful farming are ideal. In addition to this. 



the mountain lands make splendid ranges for stock, and the liigh 
plateaus and ridges are unexcelled for grape culture and fruits. 
The favorable climate makes successful farming possible on lands 
which in other states would be barren and useless. There is no 
better country in the world for the raising of vegetables and small 
fruits, and the accessible markets make this line of agriculture 
extremely profitable, so that, taken as a whole, probably no locality 
offers greater inducements to the careful, industrious and practical 
farmer, 

Chattanooga is the commercial metropolis of a district contain- 
ing about 2,500,000 people. While the development of the city's 
wholesale trade has been wonderful during the last ten years, it 
has not yet begun to fill the measure of its possibilities. 

Probably no district of equal area on the face of the earth can 
boast of greater variety or abimdance of its developed and unde- 
veloped timber and mineral resources. To these sources of wealth 
must be attributed a large part of the prosperity with which this 
locality has been blessed in the past, and to them we look for an 
immense industrial expansion in the future. The possibilities along 
these lines of industrial activity, and the manufacturing interests 
which naturally grow out of them, are practically unlimited in 
the Chattanooga District. 

There is no better location in the South for the establishment 
of textile industries, and a number of large mills are now in suc- 
cessful operation in and about Chattanooga. 

In other lines the manufacturing interests of Chattanooga exceed 
those of any other Southern city in value and diversity of products, 
taken together. There are over three hundred manufacturing 
plants in and near the cit}^, a number of them the largest of their 
kind in the South. The aggregate capital interest is over $36,000,- 
000. Chattanooga-made goods are sold in nearly every country in 
the world. Chattanooga is already a great manufacturing center, 
and is destined to become one of the greatest. 

It is not often tlie case that the vicinity of an important com- 
mercial and manufacturing city is at the same time a desirable 
pleasure and health resort. In this respect Chattanooga is unique. 
Thousands of tourists visit the city every year to breathe the pure 
air, view the mountain scenery, visit the many points of historic 
interest, and enjoy life generally in a climate unexcelled by tliat 
of Switzerland and Italy. 

The city has become so popular as a visiting and meeting place 



that during the last few years several great national and inter- 
national conventions have been held here, and in order to properly 
entertain and accommodate such gatherings in the future the city 
has erected a magnificent Auditorium, which will comfortably seat 
5,000 people. 

The population of Chattanooga is cosmopolitan, nearly every 
state in the Union being represented among its leading citizens, 
and no city can boast of a more enlightened, progressive and enter- 
prising class of people. 

The Chattanooga of today is made up of people from all sections 
of the Union. x\fter the Civil War many soldiers of both armies 
settled here to enter again into the pursuits of peaceful life, and 
as they were about equally divided between North and South, and 
most of them real soldiers from the ranks, no time was lost in 
obliterating all traces of sectional feeling in a common effort for 
the public welfare. Eight here on this spot was first completely 
bridged that bloody chasm which has been the regret of the cen- 
tury to real patriots in both sections of our beloved land, and 
Chattanooga led the van in a practical policy of reconciliation and 
fraternal regard on both sides, which has happily relegated sec- 
tional prejudice to the past and brought about an era of good 
feeling among our own people to be no more disturbed, we trust, 
forever. 

In Chattanooga the Confederate Veterans and the Grand Army 
of the Eepublic march in procession together to drop a tear over 
the grave of a comrade and to plant flowers in the cemetery on 
Memorial Day. The old soldiers set an example which has become 
the spirit of the community, and it matters not where people come 
from or what their political or religious opinions are, Chattanooga 
welcomes all good men and women to the full privileges of citi- 
zenship. The sentiment thus encouraged finds expression in our 
motto, "All for Chattanooga." The best brain and brawn of the 
North and the South has been contributed to give distinctive char- 
acter to the inhabitants of the Mountain City. 

While a large percentage of our people are American born, the 
different races and nationalities are well represented. Everybody 
gets a fair show in Chattanooga. 

The city is about equally divided between political parties, and 
such things as political prejudice and religious intolerance are 
unknown in the l)usiness and social life of the community. 

Chattanooga is distinctly a city of homes, and the almost com- 

10 




EIGHTH STREET— LOOKING EAST FROM MARKKT. 



plete absence of the proverbial tenement row is noticeable. Most 
of the larger factories are located in the suburbs, and the workers 
employed therein live in the neighborhood and own the residence 
property which they occupy. Above all things else, Chattanooga 
is desirable as a place of residence ; the people who live here intend 
to stay, and from this results the natural ambition of every person 
to own a home. The location of the city is such and the lines of 
local transportation so numerous that a large area of desirable 
suburban property is available at reasonable prices, suitable for 
residences, having all the advantages of city conveniences, but 
away from and above the noise, heat, dust and traffic of the busy 
streets. Good wages are paid as a rule, the cost of living is mod- 
erate, and desirable residence property can be had on very reason- 
able terms ; therefore, the wage-earner and the small trader in this 
favored city of the South can afford the luxury of a home and 
seek repose after the labors of the day under his own vine and 
fig tree. 

These suburban towns are typical American communities, having 
city water, gas, electric lights and telephones, and their own 
churches, schools, societies and government. 

One of the finest residence streets in the metropolitan district is 
on the crest of Mission Eidge, fully four miles from the business 
center, on the ridge electric line. The street just mentioned, as 
well as a majority of the principal residence streets of the city, 
is laid with a first-class macadamized roadway, practically free of 
mud or dust at all seasons of the year. 

Many wealthy people doing business in other cities have their 
residences at or near Chattanooga. 

On the terraces in the city and suburbs, and upon the surround- 
ing heights are residences that cost fortimes— residences of stone, 
of brick, and residences of every material that houses can be built 
of, surrounded with vines and shade trees, which the gentle climate 
causes to grow almost without cultivation or any assistance beyond 
that of nature ; and the interior of these liomes is even more striking 
than the exterior, containing as they do all the evidences of culture 
and refinement. 

Chattanooga a Place of Historic Interest— A Great 
Battlefield of the Civil War 

The territory in which Chattanooga is located was a part of the 
old Cherokee Indian Keservation. In 1834, John Ross, a lialf- 

11 



breed Cherokee chief, established a ferry and steamboat landing at 
the foot of what is now Market street, just below the Walnut street 
bridge, and the place was known as Eoss' Landing. In 1838 the 
name of the little settlement which had been established at the 
landing was changed to Chattanooga, so-called after Chat-a-nuga 
creek, an Indian name. A town government was established in 
1840. The Western and Atlantic Eailway was completed in 1849 
and the jSTashville and Chattanooga the following year, making this 
point the junction of those lines of communication, destined later 
to become the line of the advance of great armies into the heart 
of the South. 

The strategic importance of Chattanooga, from a military point 
of view, was recognized by both sides early in the Civil War, and 
it became the objective point of one of the greatest campaigns in 
that sanguinary struggle. Nearly every great general which the 
war produced, on the Federal side at least, saw service within the 
shadow of old Lookout Mountain, which stood as a grim sentinel 
overlooking this, the militan' key of the Confederacy. In their 
ultimate results the Chattanooga campaign and the following 
Atlanta campaign must be classed as the most important opera- 
tions of the war. making possible as they did Sherman's march 
to the sea and a movement from the rear which accomplished the 
discomfiture of that army, which for four years had successfully 
resisted and repelled all attacks from the front. 

Tlie Chattanooga campaign was the turning point of the war, 
and the battlefields in this neighborhood include the most stub- 
bornly contested, the deadliest, according to numbers engaged, 
and certainly the most notable spectacular engagements of modern 
times. These battlefields, the names of which are familiar to all 
old soldiers, as well as to students of history, are within easy reach 
of the city, either by electric cars or carriages. Chickamauga, 
Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Eidge and Einggold 
are distinct and separate battlefields. Brown's Ferry, Orchard 
Knob, Sherman's earthworks. Fort Wood, Point Lookout, Cameron 
Hill and Eossville are points made famous by historical associa- 
tions. The National and Confederate Cemeteries are the resting 
places of a vast army of those who died for principles held dearer 
than life, and whose deeds will shed luster on the fame of Ameri- 
can manhood forever. 

In and about the city the various forts and lines of military 
works are marked with bronze tablets, as are also the location of 

12 



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-.FirsiARCiwirch 

^Cci\k'iur\7\c(l\o(iisi 

4uiiiil'crL\ndhc.sl'ylciiai\ 




HOUSES OP WORSHIP. 




331.Pefo&St.rjubCafyicCI»x((i 
45tPaul5[pivopalCkircb 



HOUSES OF WORSHIP. 



hospitals, prisons, batteries and headquarters of the cominandin<r 
generals. ° 

Among the more noted generals whose names are associated with 
the operations around Chattanooga are Grant, Sherman, Thomas, 
Eosecrans, Garfield, Hooker, Logan, Sheridan, Bragg, Polk, John- 
ston, Hood, Wheeler and Longstreet. 

The vicinity of Chattanooga has been selected by the United 
States Government as the niost appropriate location for a great 
ISTational Military Park to preserve the history of these battles, 
memorialize the heroes whose lives were lost therein, and to per- 
petuate the glory won by American soldiers. This park, tbe great- 
est of its kind in the world, will be described in the following 
chapter. 



13 



The National Military Park 

By General H. V. Boynton 

The Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park con- 
sists of two distinct parts, the park proper, which embraces the 
entire battlefield of Chickamauga and the approaches. The area 
within the legal limits of the park is about fifteen square miles. 
The approaches in the vicinity of Chickamauga are mainly roads 
over which the armies reached and left the field. Those about 
Chattanooga lie mainly along lines of battle. Those over Lookout 
cross Hooker's battlefield and run near Walthall's, while the Crest 
road along Missionary Ridge follows Bragg's line of battle in front 
of General Thomas' Army of the Cumberland and General Sher- 
man's Army of the Tennessee. 

All these approaches, as well as the roads within the park, have 
been rebuilt by the Government in the most solid manner. The 
Crest road and the Lafayette or State road, from Eossville to Lee 
& Gordon's mill, are both constructed on a 50-foot right of way. 
The drive over this magnificent boulevard from Sherman Heights 
to Glass' Mill, which was the Confederate left flank in the battle 
of Chickamauga, is twenty miles. The scenery alone, over eight 
miles of its extent, from the northern extremity of Missionary 
Eidge to Eossville, is such as will give the drive a national reputa- 
tion. When to these remarkable charms of valleys, city, river and 
bold mountains we add a comprehensive and distinct view of the 
battlefields of Lookout Mountain, Orchard Knob and Missionary 
Eidge, this drive becomes one that is "without parallel. The remain- 
ing twelve miles of the boulevard run through the center and touch 
both flanks of the Chickamauga field, and the whole passes through 
or in plain sight of the hot fighting ground of the five days' battle 
between the great armies. The boulevard, like the other roads and 
approaches of the park, has historical tablets and monuments to 
illustrate every important point of action on each side in these 
battles. 

The government owns as a part of the park the site of Bragg's 
headquarters on Missionary Eidge, which juts out toward Chat- 
tanooga, opposite the left of the line of assault of the Army of 

14 



the Cumberland. This tract contains five and a half acres, and 
from it the face of the ridge to a point within a division front of 
the right of the line of assault can be seen. Upon each of these 
tracts stands one of the five observation towers which have been 
erected in the park. The whole of Orchard Knob, which is an 
isolated knoll about six acres in extent and about sixty feet above 
the plain, has been made a part of the park. This was the head- 
quarters of Generals Grant, Thomas, Gordon and Granger during 
the battle of Missionary Ridge, the Knob being located about half 
way between Chattanooga and the Eidge. The Confederate works, 
and those erected after the Union forces captured it, are still well 
defined, and the general appearance of the knoll remains im- 
changed. 

At the north end of Missionary Ridge, including the Tunnel 
Hill position defended by General Hardee, and the points assaulted 
by the Army of the Tennessee under General Sherman, is the 
northern terminus of the park system, being a tract forty-four 
acres in extent, generally designated ^vith the pretty little suburban 
town located there as Shennan Heights. 

There are also several small tracts and monument locations at 
Wauhatchie and various other points in and around Chattanooga. 

Perhaps the most interesting section of the park is that located 
on Lookout Mountain, including the Point, as from this spot the 
whole series of battlefields, roads, river and notable points of 
interest can be seen, thus giving one a very clear idea of the military 
operations which resulted in the events which the park is designed 
to memorialize. 

The plan of establishing the park contemplates a restoration of 
the whole Chickamauga field, as nearly as can be, to its condition 
at the time of the battle. Except in the growth of timber, its 
features have changed but little since that time. The old roads, 
which were those of the battle, have been reopened and improved, 
and roads opened since the battle have been closed and abandoned. 
The only natural feature existing at the time of the fight which 
has been changed is the cutting out of the underbrush. This was 
absolutely necessary in order to bring the lines of battle into view 
and to show the topography of the field. As a result of this work, 
carriages can now drive in all directions through the great forests 
and along the various lines of battle. Five steel observation towers, 
each seventy feet to the upper platform, have been erected at 
prominent points in the park. 

15 



Three of these are on Chickamauga field and two on Missionary 
Eidge. Of the former, one is near Hall's Ford, on the ground 
where Bragg's army first formed for battle, one is near Jay's saw 
mill, where the battle actually began, and the third is on Snodgrass 
Hill. All the towers are in sight of each other, and they thus 
serve to indicate the relative positions of the various points of the 
fields of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. The strategy of the cam- 
paigns and the movements of the battles are readily understood by 
the views afforded from them. 

The plan of marking the lines of battle is to designate them 
both by monuments and historical tablets. The Government erects 
the monuments to the regular regiments and batteries, and the 
tablets. The erection of monuments to mark the positions of vol- 
imteer organizations is left to the states. 

The historical tablets are of iron with the lettering cast as part 
of the plates. They are each four feet by three. They are of sev- 
eral classes — as those for army headquarters, corps, divisions and 
brigades. The iiistorical tablets each present from 200 to 300 
words of test, setting forth in condensed yet comprehensive form 
the movements at the points where they are erected. Both sides 
have equal attention in the erection of these tablets. The only 
distinctive mark is the letter "U" for Union, in the upper right 
hand corner, and the letter "C" for Confederate, 

Besides the large historical tablets, there are guide tablets at 
every cross road, giving distances and direction to the prominent 
points of the field, and many locality tablets marking the sites of 
houses and fields which were land-marks in the battle, points where 
prominent officers were wounded, and where notable captures of 
prisoner or guns occurred. 

The fighting position of all batteries are marked by guns of the 
same kind used in battle, mounted upon cast iron carriages, painted 
so as to be an exact representation of the carriage of 1861. 

The spots where general officers, or those exercising the command 
of a general officer, were killed or mortally wounded, are marked 
by triangular pyramids of eight-inch shells, ten feet in height. 
A tablet on each gives name, rank and army of the officer killed. 

The lines of the rude works used by each side in various parts 
of the field have been restored. All the lines of each day's battle 
arc marked. As a rule the regimental monuments are erected where 
the representatives of the regiments think the organizations made 

16 




TRIBUTES IN BKONZE AND STONB. 




OBSERVATION TOWEK — BKAGO's HEADtiUAKTERS. 



the most notable record, and other positions are designated by 
granite markers. 

It will thus be seen that the field is thoroughly marked, and that 
not only general movements, but those of every regiment and 
battery can be followed through the battle, and that the park is a 
most complete object lesson in war. 

The battle of Chickamauga was one of the best illustrations of 
pluck, endurance and prowess of the American soldier which the 
war afforded. Measured by the percentages of losses, and the 
duration of tlie fighting for the various portions of each army, 
it was the deadliest battle of modern times. Its strategy will 
always be notable in the history of wars. So far as the occupa- 
tion of the field is concerned, it was a Confederate victory. Con- 
sidering the objects of the campaign, it was a Union triumph. 

The battle of Chattanooga was the grandest spectacular engage- 
ment of the war. Its features appear in as bold relief as do Look- 
out Mountain and Missionary Eidge upon the fields which they 
dominate. 

Twenty-nine of the thirty-three states east of the Rocky Moun- 
tain, which comprised the Union at the outbreak of the war, had 
troops engaged in these campaigns, and five of them were repre- 
sented on both sides. It was this universal interest of the country 
and its armies in these battles, the brilliancy of the strategy, the 
unsurpassed pluck of the fighting, and the wonderful natural 
features of the fields of battle, which made it possible to secure 
the unanimous support of Congress for the project of establishing 
the Chic'kamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. It 
was the pioneer project in giving impartial representation to both 
sides in preserving the history of the fields and marking the lines 
of battle. The veterans and the great army societies, North and 
South, have taken an active interest in the park, and the several 
states have erected and are erecting monuments to their organiza- 
tions in various portions of it which are unsurpassed for beauty 
and magnificence. These monuments and other improvements 
at the park must be seen to be appreciated. 

Chattanooga lies at the center of this extended theatre which 
the Government is covering with historical work. Twenty minutes 
by train takes the visitor to Wauhatchie, Chickamauga or Sherman 
Heights, and the same time by Rapid Transit electric cars, while 
the city electric lines reach Orchard Knob, Missionary Ridge. 
Bragg's Headquarters and Lookout Mountain. 

17 



Lookout Mountain 

Lookout Mountain stands 2,000 feet above Chattanooga, almost 
overhanging its corporate limits, with its foothills forming the 
city's nearest suburb. Its summit is reached within thirty min- 
utes from the business center of the city by two incline railways 
and electric cars, connecting with all passenger depots in the city, 
l>y which means the trip to the mountain .can be made in forty-five 
minutes. 

The mountain has been greatly improved, and is today one of 
the most desirable resorts for the enfeebled, the overworked or the 
pleasure seeker upon this continent. Lookout Inn is perhaps the 
most magnificent hotel upon a mountain in this country; it was 
erected at a cost of $250,000, contains nearly 500 guest chambers; 
it is elaborately and richly furnished throughout; equipped with 
all modern conveniences, heated by steam, lighted by electricity and 
gas, supplied with running water and is furnished with every com- 
fort and attraction that modern ingenuity and generous hospitality 
can devise. 

Broad, well built boulevards traverse the mountain plateau for 
miles; the streets are underlaid with water and gas mains; tele- 
phone and electric wires are strung to the scores of ornate cottages 
that line the shaded streets and roadways, and everywhere there 
are all the comforts and conveniences of city life. 

The most beautiful spots upon the brow of the mountain have 
been preserved for parks; it is quite likely that the United States 
Government will purchase the chief reservation at "The Point" 
of Lookout Mountain to make it a fitting completion of the mag- 
nificent plan of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military 
Park. 

Among the mountains called of battle, Lookout deserves the first 
place in any history of the Southern Appalachians. Before the 
first Anglo-Saxon saw its wooded talus and graj^-green cliffs from 
the opposite crest of Waldeu's Ridge, it was the battle-ground of 
the red men. The warlike Chorokees and their kinsmen, the Chicka- 
maugas, dwelt in the valleys 'round about, and on its slopes their 
war parties made good against their tribal enemies their claim to 
the ownership of the "Far-Look" mountain. The precipitous cliff 

18 



at its northern extremity was their signal height. The smoke of 
tlie alarm fire rising from its summit was the warriors' call to arms. 

In the early settlement of Tennessee the cliff-crowned mountain 
at the toe of the moccasin became the battlefield of the races. De- 
feated in the great valley of East Tennessee, the Indians retreated 
to their fastness on Lookout; and on the western slope of the 
mountain within sight of a greater future battlefield, was fought 
the last decisive conflict with the allied tribes. John Sevier won 
it and broke the organized strength of the red men, but for many 
years afterward the pioneers, drifting down the Tennessee from 
the older settlements on its headwaters, to the fertile valleys beyond 
the Cumberlands, watched furtively for the first glimpse of the 
sentinel mountain standing grim and silent at the portal of the 
ninety-mile gauntlet through the gorges. If the sky line was clear, 
all went well, but if a column of smoke was hanging above the signal 
height, the hardy adventurers looked to their arms, refilled the 
priming pans of their rifles, and made bulwarks of the cargo to 
protect the women and children during the running fight which 
would begin at the overhanging bluffs of the great mountain. 

A peaceful half century followed the dying out of tlie last 
Indian signal fire on the Point Rock, and then the distant murmur 
of a fiercer tide of conflict echoed from the cliffs of Lookout. One 
lambent autumn day tlie tide of civil war poured over the passes 
of the Raccoon to submerge the fields in Will's Valley and to rise 
in billows of blue on the slopes of the historic mountain until the 
marching thousands of Rosecrans' left wing caught their first 
glimpse of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge from its wooded 
summit. 

The tide flowed onward, and a few days afterward the eastern 
pallisades of Lookout flung back the thunders of Chickamauga to 
Chattanooga A^alley. Then the tide surged backward, and when 
the lines of circumvallation had been drawn about the beleaguered 
city in the great bend of the river, the bosom of the old moun- 
tain was scarred and furrowed with the intrenchments of the 
besieging army, and from summit and half-way height the bat- 
teries hurled their messengers of death down upon the armed hosts 
in the valley. 

The final act in the historic mountain's tragic drama was played 
on that November day when the mists of the valley thickened into 
sweating clouds on the wooded slopes, and Lookout hid its face 
as if to shut out the sight of carnage. All the world knows liow 

19 



"the battle above the clouds" was lost and won, what deeds of hero- 
ism and brilliant courage were there enacted, and many a curious 
pilgrim has since stood upon the time-worn signal cliff to gaze down 
upon the scene of the mountain's final conflict. 

The scars are healed now. The breastworks have become grassy 
mounds, and the sightseer has to be guided to the redoubts from 
which the bellowing cannon played upon the city, spread out in 
the valley below. But after the spring rains have washed away 
the litter of the year, the children, gathering arbutus and the fragile 
wind flowers on the slopes of the ancient mountain, find broken 
arrow-heads bedded in the mellow earth side by side with battered 
minie-balls and fragments of shattered shells; relics of the earlier 
and later struggles whose din has been re-echoed by the gray cliffs 
of old Lookout. 

What pen can portray the matchless beauties that are unfolded 
from the mountain heights? At every spot upon the brow, a 
bewildering panorama of landscape stretches forth. There are 
loftier mountains, more sublime stretches of precipice and beetling 
cliffs, taller peaks and deeper gorges, but there is no spot on this 
western world where beauty is so charmingly united to sub- 
limity, or where one's soul is so thrilled without being awed by 
appalling surroundings; where the limpid lyrics of nature are so 
interwoven with her epics, where the melting hazes of purpling 
landscape dissolve into majestic stretches of towering peaks; where 
nature frowns and smiles, and wooes the enchanted beholder, 
thrilled by the glories and the majesty of God's handiwork. 



20 




Chattanooga's Thermopylae. 




LOOKOUT MOUxXTAIN INCLINE RAILWAY. 




SUNSET ROCK — LOOKOUT MOUiN T.U.N. 
















'rti 



iv^ 




Tlie Chattanooga Campaign 

Chattanooga early heard the tread of feet hurrying to war, and 
in the spring of 1862 the city was occupied by the Confederates. 
But its inhabitants did not foresee the magnificent battle-play 
which was to be staged in the woods, valleys and heights nearby 
in 1863 when Eosecrans followed Bragg from Middle Tennessee. 

Like the impatient clamor of a waiting audience came the sound 
of Wilder's shells from Stringer's Eidge into the city on the 21st 
of August, leading up to that 9th of September when the last 
trooper in gray rode out and the men in blue came in, and the 
stars and stripes went up on the old Crutchfield House. 

On Saturday and Sunday, September 19th and 20th, 1863, the 
opening scenes of the first act were played on the field of Chicka- 
mauga, nine miles away, beyond Missionary Eidge, in Georgia. 

From the lines of Eosecrans and Bragg, extending some three 
miles north and south to struggle for the LaFayette Eoad, and 
engaged through so much of their length, came at intervals the 
swelling and subsiding roar as the battle shifted, waxed and waned, 
through Saturday, the scene opening with the first clash of arms 
in the morning as Croxton's brigade and Forrest's cavalry met in 
the woods, the curtain falling with the firing in the dusk at the 
flashes of each others' guns when Cleburne dashed at the breast- 
works in his attack on Baird and Johnson. 

Then came the sad intermission through the night, unlit by 
camp fires, so close were the lines, but broken by the sound of Eose- 
crans' axes busy on defenses for the morrow, while the wounded 
groaned near the bodies of the dead, and soldiers of both armies 
felt how great was their chance of soon joining their mangled 
comrades. 

Sunday morning Breckinridge opened the second scene of the 
act on the Confederate right at the north, and as the command 
"forward" went down the line Bragg's divisions moved in swift 
succession to the attack, grappling and struggling as on the 
former day, till before noon came the breaking of the Union center, 
the forcing back of the Union right and that tide of disaster which 
swept so much of the Federal army in the wreck before it, till 

21 



Thomas at Snodgrass Hill saved defeat from becoming utter rout. 
Longstreet's veterans in overwhelming numbers charged the men in 
blue, only to be beaten back in that bloody, stubborn fighting which 
has passed into history. Thomas' men were at last about to be 
driven before the crushing weight of superior numbers, when unex- 
pected aid from Granger and Steedman and reinforcements from 
the hard-fought region of the Kelly Field came to help them make 
good the defense. Then, the coming of night, the withdrawal of 
the last of the Union troops, and the curtain descends on the last 
scene of the first act, closing a two days' struggle whose ghastly 
record of killed and Avounded throws into shade some of the blood- 
iest battles of the old world. 

And now came the long and anxious intermission between the 
acts, the Union army remaining shut up in Chattanooga, while 
from Lookout Tkfountain and Missionary Ridge the besieging Con- 
federates watched the beleaguered Federals hemmed in by hostile 
cannon and a jjrey to threatened famine. 

Two months of waiting, and the curtain is ready to rise on 
the first of the three-day scenes of the second act, staged so grandly 
before Chattanooga. Bragg's army holds its strong positions, but 
its brave ranks are Aveakened by sending some of its men elsewhere. 
The Union army. Grant now in command, is rested, reinforced, 
confident and eager. The first scene closes with the men in gray 
driven from Orchard Knob. The second, on the next day, that 
famous struggle so often called the "Battle above the Clouds," sees 
Hooker on rugged Lookout Mountain pushing Walthall up the 
side and over the slope at the Cravens House. The third scene 
comes on the following day, that memorable Wednesday, 35 Novem- 
ber, 1863, opening with Sherman thundering at the north end of 
Missionary Ridge, but held back by Cleburne's stubborn defense. 
Later Hooker reaches Rossville Gap and sweeps northward, driving 
before him this weak part of Bragg's Missionary Ridge line, and 
Grant on Orchard Knob gives the order for Thomas' troops to 
take the foot of the Ridge, and then comes that historic charge 
where the men in blue after storming the foot of the Ridge swept 
on to the crest, breaking the line in six places and taking the Ridge 
in an hour from the order to take the foot. The valor of the Ameri- 
can soldier is the glory of the American people, be the uniform 
what it may. The same pride we feel in Thomas, Granger and 
Steedman, Brannan and Van Derveer, and all the brave men, 
whether bearing swords or bayonets, who saved the day from utter 

22 



disaster at Snodgrass Hill, is ours at thought of Bate rallying the 
retreating fragments of the beaten army and sternly standing at 
bay, grappling with Sheridan; of Stewart fighting front, left and 
rear, and only retreating before being entirely surrounded as dark- 
ness was coming on; of Walthall, the day hopelessly lost, still strug- 
gling on the crest till night stopped the battle. 

But despite all valor the retreat streamed into Georgia; by 
bedtime Bragg's army was beyond the Chickamauga, and the cur- 
tain had run down on Chattanooga's great battle-drama. 



23 



Hamilton County 

Products of the County 

Hamlton count)^ contains an area of about five hundred square 
miles, and is almost bisected by the Tennessee river; it is well 
watered by innumerable creeks that flow toward the river at 
every point in the county. The difference in altitude between 
the table lands of Walden's Ridge and the alluvial river bottoms 
is about one thousand five hundred feet; this is equivalent to four 
degrees of latitude, giving to the elevated ground the climate 
of Southern Ohio, along the hillsides that of Kentucky. 

The soil formations are of very great variety, beginning at the 
river bottoms, changing into the various alluvial formations, the 
chocolate and red clay soils, and these again joined and mixed 
with another variety of flinty gravel or magnesium limestone soil. 
The soil holds moisture to a surprising degree, and is uniformly 
valuable for tillage, though varying materially in appearance and 
character. As a whole it may be classed as undulating land, hilly 
land, mountain land and bottom. Much of it is well timbered, 
but may be easily and profitably cleared. 

The ridges and hills about Chattanooga are peculiarly well 
adapted to the growth of strawberries and other small fruits, as 
well as vegetables. The mountain lands are well adapted to the 
growth of apples, pears and also potatoes, especially for winter use. 
Pears, plums, cherries, apricots and quinces all grow successfully 
and bear well. Clover, timothy and herd grass are produced on 
the river bottoms very successfully and a considerable amount is 
marketed. Millet, red top, timothy and clover are successfully 
raised in the county. Sugar cane, sowed thickly yields largely, 
and three crops may be cut from one season's sowing, making an 
excellent feed. Another excellent feed article known as keifer 
corn, grows very successfully; it has a slender stalk and leaf, but 
resembles corn, with top seeds, and is exceptionally fine for poultry. 

Stock raising is becoming more general than formerly in the 
county. Mules, horses and cattle average well. Good results are 
being had in sheep raising, especially on the high and hilly land. 

24 



><' fT- 



i^dl£^Ui_ 




The county is well adapted to poultry raising, and the business 
has been very successfully prosecuted. Chickens, turkeys, guineas, 
peafowls, geese and ducks thrive, are free from disease, yielding a 
large egg product. 

Roads and Bridges of Hamilton County 

That part of Hamilton county lying north of the Tennessee 
river is divided by a natural topographical division into two nearly 
equal parts. This dividing line does not trend exactly north 
and south, but about twenty degrees east of north, and is the east- 
ern escarpraent of Walden's Kidge, that magnificent table land of 
the East Cumberland, which rises grandly between the valleys of 
the Sequatchie and the Tennessee. That part of Hamilton county 
lying south of the Tennessee, having the same general character- 
istics as the north, is especially distinguished by Lookout Moun- 
tain, standing like a mighty sentinel over the fertile Lookout 
Valley on its left and Chattanooga Valley on its right. 

To the east, across the broad and open Chattanooga Valley, 
cradling its busy city of over seventy thousand people, we have 
the historic Missionary Eidge. To the east of Missionary Ridge 
we have the undulating plain of the South' Chickamauga. Thus 
we do not only have on the north side of the Tennessee the Cum- 
berland tableland, with its peculiar adaptability to llic raising of 
orchard fruits, but the alluvial river bottoms as well, stretching 
along thirty miles of river front and yielding its immense harvests 
of corn, oats and wheat. 

On the south side of the river we have all the varieties of soil, 
from the rich limestone wheat producing soil of the Lookout 
Valley, to the mulatto soil of the chert formation (which is pro- 
nounced the best anywhere for the production of strawberries and 
small fruits), to the red lands east of Missionary' Eidge, which for 
general farming purposes cannot be excelled. 

Hamilton, county, Tennessee, being endowed with this generous 
variety of arable soils, capable of supporting the great city which 
Chattanooga, by reason of her geographical situation is destined 
to become, the question of accessibility— of roads making accessi- 
ble this territory for the diversified interests of a people and 
enabling capital and enterprise to develop the natural wealth lying 
within our borders, becomes one of paramount importance. 

The subject of better roads for Hamilton county was first effect- 
ively agitated in 1S76, at which time the present system of mac- 

25 



adamized roadways, which now radiate from the county seat, was 
begun. Today one hundred and fifty miles of macadamized and 
graveled thoroughfares stand as a monument to the enterprise of 
the citizens of Hamilton county, costing in the neighborhood of 
$375,000. The Kossville Pike, the first essay in permanent road 
building attempted by the county, extends south from Chattanooga 
to Eossville, ^ust beyond the Georgia state line. This road, con- 
necting with the principal thoroughfare to the Chickamauga and 
Chattanooga ^"ational Military Park at Eossville, Ga., is a favorite 
with cyclists, the destination being the above mentioned park, 
where the National Government has already spent a million of 
dollars laying the foundation of the greatest military park on the 
continent. 

To the east, two broad thoroughfares, Montgomery and McCallie 
avenues, connect the city with the Government Boulevard, eight 
miles in length, on the crest of Missionary Ridge, and continue on 
by easy grades to the southeastern and eastern limits of the county, 
respectively, about ten miles distant. 

Thirteen miles northeast is situated the town of Harrison, noted 
as having been the county seat from 1840 to 1870. The Harrison 
Pike was one of the earliest of permanent roadways, and renders 
accessible an immense section of fine farming lands, skirting the 
east side of the Tennessee river. To the north, crossing the Ten- 
nessee river is Washington road, which has been completed to the 
town of Sale Creek, a distance of twenty-eight miles. This thor- 
oughfare, connecting the thrifty towns of Daisy, Soddy, Eetro and 
Sale Creek, represents, including the subsidiary roads built in 
connection with it, an expenditure of about $43,000. Leaving this 
road to the east soon after crossing the river, we have the Dallas 
road, which has been completed to a point beyond Hixson, and will 
ultimately connect with Dallas. To the left we have the Anderson 
Pike, leaving the Washington road at Mountain Creek. The An- 
derson Pike ascends Walden's Ridge by easy grades, amid scenery 
of ever increasing grandeur until, surmounting the cliffs at the 
summit, one beholds the broad Tennessee Valley below him with 
its tracery of stream and road and checker work of cultivated 
fields. Should the beholder possess a practical mind he cannot help 
remarking the wisdom and liberality of a policy which has thus 
rendered accessible the many acres of mountain land to the seeker 
of healthful homes, as well as to the far seeing investor of capital. 

Still further north another road leaves the Washington road at 

36 



Daisy. This road ascends by the side of the ridge at a grade of 
seven feet in one h\mdred, taking the place of the old road at 
this place, which ascends by tlie most prohibitory grades of eighteen 
to twenty-seven feet per hundred, and hence constitutes an object 
lesson, illustrating the old and new systems of road construction. 
To the west and southM^est of the county seat we have a network 
of roadways that are the admiration of the visitor to our pictur- 
esque environment. 

Lookout Mountain offers its graveled boulevard, rivaling the 
famous shell roads of Mobile and JSTew Orleans, to the tourist who 
would explore the wonders of Eock City, or visit tlie sylvan shades 
of Lula Lake. 

Missionary Kidge with its magnificent boulevard, built by the 
United States government, traverses the crest of the ridge from 
Rossville Gap on the south (where it connects with LaFayette road, 
also built by the government) to Sherman Heights on the north. 
The views from along this boulevard, taking in as it does both 
sides of Missionary Ridge, cannot be excelled for historical interest 
of national importance. Two observation towers, seventy feet in 
height, occupy commanding situations, and permit a study of the 
fields of the great struggle of November, 1863. 

The Minerals 

The coal, iron ore and limestones of the Southern mineral region 
lie close together, intermixed and co-terminous, in an area of ap- 
proximately twenty-four thousand square miles; ten thousand five 
hundred square miles of this area is in commercial reach of Chat- 
tanooga. 

Her furnaces have profitably used coke from the Pocahontas 
mines and ovens in Southwest Virginia. The ores in this neigh- 
borhood have been used for mixing by the furnacemen in the 
Birmingham district of Alabama. In the region penetrated by 
Chattanooga railroads and the Tennessee river, there is a supply of 
coal greater than Great Britain had before her measures were 
touched by a miner's pick, and more iron ore, limestone and marble 
than was ever in the United Kingdom", and three times as much 
as the German supply. There are now mined in the area that is 
tributary to the city of Chattanooga, annually about two million 
long tons of coal, and six hundred thousand to one million tons 
of iron ore. In one-third this area Germany mines sixty-five mil- 
lion tons annually; Pennsylvania with an area not one-fourth 

27 



larger, produced one hundred million tons of bituminous and an- 
thracite last year. These figures will convey an idea of the possi- 
blities of this district in the production of coal. 

The coal is bituminous of every grade, chiefly of good quality, 
most of it excellent. High quality gas coals are in great abund- 
ance. In Scott, Eoane and other counties, one hundred miles or so 
north of Chattanooga, and convenient to the Cincinnati Southern 
Railway, there is an abundance of coking coal and a very fine 
quality of coke is being made at the different mines in Hamilton 
county ; there is some cannel coal in upper East Tennessee. 

In the Chattanooga district there are ten coke blast furnaces., 
which produce annually nearly three hundred thousand tons of pig 
iron. The annual amount of coal mined in Hamilton county is 
about three hundred thousand tons; in Marion county, two hun- 
dred and twenty-five thousand tons; in Rhea county, two hundred 
and twenty-five thousand tons; the total amount in the state, three 
million tons. 

The Chattanooga district produces about two hundred thousand 
tons of coke per annum. The coals in Walden's Ridge, which is 
the main spur of the Cumberland Mountains, underlie that eleva- 
tion for an average of ten miles wide and one hundred and twenty 
miles long. These coals vary in kind and quality from the free- 
burning and lighter varieties foimd in the Coal Creek region, to 
the heavy and hard coals foimd in the Sale Creek, Soddy and North 
Chickamauga. There is enough fuel in that one mountain to sup- 
ply a million people with fuel, for all possible uses, for several thou- 
sand years, and the poorest of it is better than the best German 
coal. Great beds of this coal are within four miles of Chat- 
tanooga. 

The fixed carbon in coals in this immediate locality varies from 
84 to 94 per cent., and sulphur from 1 per cent., to as low as 1-10 
of 1 per cent. 

The iron ore of this region covers a great stretch of territory, 
and is of two varieties, red and brown hematite. The brown ores 
lie in immense beds in the western part of McMinn and Monroe 
counties; some of them are of high quality, but mostly high in 
phosphorus and metallic iron. There are also large beds of this 
ore in upper East Tennessee, and great quantities about Carters- 
ville, Georgia. The Georgia ore has served to make excellent open 
hearth or bessemer steel. 

28 




FALLS OF LULA LAKE— LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 



The red ores are everywhere in the Tennessee Valley; in the foot 
ridges of the Cumberland range, in Lookout and Chattanooga 
Valleys, south of the city of Chattanooga, across the Tennessee, 
within two miles of the city, and several hundred tons were dug out 
some years ago in the city limits. Down the Chattanooga Southern 
Eailway in Walker and Catoosa counties, Georgia, are millions of 
tons of high quality of red ore that are being very cheaply mined. 
At Inman, Marion county, near the furnace plant of South Pitts- 
burg, Tennessee, are large ore operations, whence many hundred 
thousand tons have been taken. These red ores are at many points 
along the river or railroads, can be put on cars or in barges at 
a cost ranging from 25 to 30 cents a ton. The ore supply of the 
district has barely been scratched here and there, not developed by 
any means. 

A fine grade of manganese ore is abundant in this locality, and 
it is very extensively mined within seventy miles of the city. 

The limestones and marbles of this district are among the most 
valuable of its resources. There are millions of yards of pure 
dolaraite, other millions of beautiful blue limestones, that make 
very handsome trimmings and walls, and wear like iron when 
crushed and used for road finish. Limestones are found in un- 
limited quantity up the Tennessee river, which are pronounced by 
the highest authorities to be the best quality of stones for bridges, 
abutments and other structures requiring high crushing and resist- 
ing strength. The marbles extend from Pickens county, Georgia, 
sixty miles below the city, to the upper counties of East Tennessee. 
They are of every quality of the variegated grades, gray, red, amber, 
brown, black and white. Some very beautiful monumental stones 
have been developed. The capacity of the East Tennessee quarries 
alone is in excess of twenty-five thousand cubic yards per month. 
Great quantities of the variegated marble are shipped to all parts 
of the WK)rld for furniture and other interior uses, from all parts of 
East Tennessee and other points tributary to Chattanooga. This 
interest has only been slightly developed. 

The occurrence of mica is quite frequent in this section ; a total 
of seven hundred and fifty-six thousand pounds was produced in 
North Carolina in 1896, most of which was produced within one 
hundred miles of Chattanooga. 

Slate of a very high quality has been developed on the Little 
Tennessee river in Blount county, East Tennessee, and other points 

29 



in this region. The bed is one of the largest and best in the world; 
the slate can be barged to Chattanooga at a nominal cost of freight. 

There are eight copper mines in Polk county, within sixty miles 
of Chattanooga, all of which are now producing ore, with several 
smelters in operation. These ores are copper pyrites and carry 
about 5 per cent, of copper. 

At different points in East Tennessee zinc and lead operations 
are being carried on. At Clinton, in East Tennessee, there is a 
smelter with a capacity of one hundred and six pounds metallic 
zinc per day. Two thousand pounds of lead are daily produced 
in Bradley county, within forty miles of the city. 

Oil has long been known to exist in commercial quantities in 
Fentress, Morgan, Overton and other counties, within one hundred 
to one hundred and fifty miles of Chattanooga. It is now being 
developed rapidly, and the district promises to become highly 
profitable, the oil being in large supply and of high quality. 

The clay and kaolin deposits in this immediate section are of 
very great importance. Besides the coarser sorts there are fine 
stoneware clays which burn to a hard body of a good color, and 
there is a deposit of good ball clay; fire clays of high quality are 
very abundant. 

There are in the city of Chattanooga two very large sewer pipe 
works, which use the clay of this immediate section very exten- 
sively and produce probably a larger amount of sewer pipe than 
any other city south of the Ohio river; the product is shipped to 
all parts of the country. Stoneware clays are also being utilized 
in this county, and several potteries are in successful operation, 
turning out a very large product. 

Silica sand is very abundant, and large glass works are in opera- 
tion here. The sands of this section possess a very high grade of 
silica and the glass industry is very successfully prosecuted. 

The production of mineral paint is a large industry at Chatta- 
nooga. Ochre is mined extensively near Cartersville, Georgia, and 
a fine quality of red and brown oxide exists in practically unlimited 
quantities in this region and makes a very superior paint. 

The extensive deposits of asbestos, fibrous talc and soapstone 
which are found in our neighboring state of North Carolina, within 
seventy-five miles of Chattanooga, are utilized in two large local 
industries making gas tips and the other various articles into which 
those minerals are manufactured. 

30 




f-ALLING WATER — WALDEN's RIDGE. 



The Iron Industry 

The iron industry of Chattanooga is more varied and extensive 
than that of any other city in the South, and it ia steadily growing 
in importance. 

There are in the city and suburljs thirteen iron foundries, two 
cast iron pipe foundries (one of which is, perhaps, the largest iron 
pipe foundry in tlie world), two blast furnaces, besides other import- 
ant iron making industries which embrace everything in the line of 
foundry job work, specialties in the way of cast iron pipe, malleable 
iron castings, stoves and hollowware, stationary engines, saw mills, 
cars, agricultural implements, cane mills, evaporators, architectural 
material, mantels and grates, boilers, tanks, stand-pipes, builders' 
hardware, etc., etc. 

• The Chattanooga foundries consumed during the year 1905, 
in the manufacture of their product, over 100,000 tons of pig 
iron, besides a large variety of other forms of iron and steel, repre- 
senting a larger consumption of raw material for conversion into 
finished product than is reported from any other city in the South- 
ern States. The foundries of Chattanooga are prepared to pour the 
largest castings and produce the heaviest forgings that can be 
manufactured in the South. 

Chattanooga, by reason of its location on the Tennessee river, 
which is navigable almost the year round to connections with the 
Ohio and Mississippi ports, having rival railway lines in every 
direction, is an ideal place for the assembling and distribution 
of materials. Beds of coal and iron ore are found along the lines 
of all these railways and also on the river, within easy reach of 
Chattanooga, the iron ore cropping out within the city limits 
and coal of a very high grade existing in abundant quantities within 
six miles ; an abundant supply of limestone of excellent quality also 
lies about the city. The Juxtaposition of these raw materials within 
such close reach of the city gives unsurpassed facilities for the 
manufacture of pig iron of almost any required analysis, at an ex- 
ceedingly moderate cost. The product of the Chattanooga iron fur- 
naces commands a high price in all the markets of the country, and 
one of the Chattanooga furnaces sells most of its material to the 
higher grade of hardware manufacturers in the East, on account 
of its superior quality. 

The cast iron pipe works of the U. S. Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry 
Company, which was erected a few years ago at a cost of nearly 
one-third of a million dollars, is one of the most elaborately 
equipped pipe works in the world, being furnished throughout with 

31 



the most improved electric appliances, the pits, cranes, and, in fact, 
all the manipulation in the mamifacture of cast iron pipe being 
entirely new and having been erected in the light of modern elec- 
trical achievements. The capacity of this plan is nearly 300 tons of 
cast iron pipe per day. 

Chattanooga's iron industries are destined to become of great 
importance for emphatic and obvious reasons, which briefly are: 

1st. Abundance, excellence and cheapness of raw materials for 
the production of both iron and steel. 

2nd. Exceptionally good transportation facilities by rail and 
river. 

3rd. Central location in a large territory which she can reason- 
ably hope to supply against all competition. 

4th. Physical, climatic and artificial attractions that mate the 
place inviting both to the citizen and to the visitor, insuring an 
enlightened and reliable class of labor. 

The Timbers of this Section 

The annual cut of timber in Chattanooga from the log is over 
twenty million feet, and the total amount of timber annually han- 
dled in this city for manufacturing purposes is over fifty million 
feet. This is exclusive of the lumber sold from this city in an 
unmanufactured state. 

The chief wood in this locality is oak — white, red, Spanish, over- 
cup and chestnut, or tan bark. This wood in some localities runs 
fifteen thousand feet to the acre, the trees varying from twelve 
inches to four feet in diameter. About five million feet come 
annually to the city by water, in logs. It is used very extensively 
here in the manufacture of furniture and for building material. 

Chattanooga is a large buyer of tanbark, and nearly fifteen 
thousand cords are annually sold, a considerable portion coming 
by wagon. 

Poplar also grows very extensively throughout the country, 
and is a strictly first-class wood, the trees varying from twelve 
inches to two feet in diameter, often running as high as thirty 
thousand feet to the acre. It is very accessible, and from twelve 
to fourteen million feet annually come to this city in logs. It is 
used largely for building purposes, and also used in wood products. 

Pine, yellow and white, is found extensively throughout this 
locality, on the ridges and mountains; the trees run from eight 
to thirty inches in diameter, grow in clusters, and vary from four 



to five thousand feet in each clump. About a million feet of yellow 
pine comes to the city annually in logs. 

Sweet gum is largely used in this city for furniture, butter 
dishes and baskets, about three-fourths of a million feet annually 
arriving here in rafts. 

Maple is used in the manufacture of furniture and pulleys, about 
one-fourth of a million feet per annum coming to the city, the 
trees varying from twelve to twenty-four inches in diameter, and 
in some localities there are from ten to twelve thousand feet to 
the acre. 

From one-third to one-half a million feet of basswood are annu- 
ally brought to the city by river; it is used in the manufacture of 
coffins and furniture. A good quality of ash grows in this locality, 
the annual receipts by river being in the neighborhood of one hun- 
dred thousand feet. 

Beech is very abundant and also chestnut; cherry and cedar or 
juniper are found in many localities in this immediate section. 

Among the hard woods that are procurable in this locality are 
boxwood, hickory, laurel, hackberry and black locust. The forests 
of oak, pine and poplar are very extensive and show scarcely any 
appreciable diminution in supply. 

County Government 

The total assessed valuation of all property in Hamilton county 
for years 1903. 1904 and 1905 is, in round numbers, $67,000,000.00, 
on a basis of about 70 per cent., making the actual valuation $87,- 
000,000.00, not including railroads. The tax rate in the years 
named was as follows : $1.55 on the hundred dollars, $1.65 on the 
hundred dollars, $1.50 on the hundred dollars. 
• The expenses of the county for the years 1903 and 1904 were 
as follows: 

1903. 1904. 

Work House $ 33,292 87 $ 31,154 77 

Poor House 28,332 25 17,375 35 

Interest on bonds 22,000 00 22,000 00 

Schools 113,000 00 131,000 00 

Eoads 24,000 00 20,000 00 

Other expense? 34,000 00 18,000 GO 

Total 253,625 12 $239,530 12 

33 



Industrial Chattanooga 

Modest beginnings by pluckj' pioneers show growth, for three 
decades, followed by rapid recent advance, proximity to best raw 
materials, exceptionable transportation facilities, favorable climate, 
good labor conditions, general co-operation among manufacturers, 
with a determination to build a modern industrial city, remarkable 
diversity of products, nearness to great growing markets, a pros- 
perous present and brilliant future prospects, in some measure 
epitomize "Industrial Chattanooga." 

In 1860 there were twenty-two industries in Chattanooga, with 
$209,300 capital. The 1870 census showed $850,000 invested in 
fifty-eight concerns. The following figures, compiled in the office 
of the Chattanooga Manufacturers' Association, give an idea of the 
growth since 1880 : 

1880 — ISTuniber of industries, 77; hands employed, 3,123; capi- 
tal, $2,000,000; wages, $568,508; value of product, $5,975,500. 

1890 — Number of industries, 110; hands employed, 4,800; capi- 
tal, $6,000,000; wages, $2,019,416; value of product, $8,975,500. 

1897 — Number of factories, 161; number of hands employed, 
«,182; capital, $7,546,300; wages, $2,497,100; value of product, 
$11,802,600. 

1905 — Number of factories, 278; number of hands employed, 
10,980; capita], $21,680,500; wages, $5,476,500; value of product, 
:$30,995,000. 

An analysis of the plants shows great diversity in character, 
iron and steel taken together leading. This class has sixty-five 
active concerns, $4,980,000 capital and 3,500 men employed. Here 
are blast furnaces, foundries, boiler works, machine shops, engine, 
saw and bridge plants, tool steel, mill and other iron and steel 
working establishments. There are forty cast and wrought iron 
foundries making 300 articles, ranging from the crudest builders' 
castings to the finest finished enameled bath tubs and lavatories, 
and inclading sewer and drain pipes, cars and car wheels, stoves 
and ranges, cane and saw mills, store fronts, grates, mantels, stairs, 
pumps, beds, brake-shoes, frogs, switches, tanks, etc. Five concerns 
make high grade boilers, Chattanooga ranking as one of the great 

34 



bailer markets of the country, similar rank being maintained on 
foundry products. The machine shops make many specialties 
notable examples being cross arm, insulating, shingle, key-setting' 
dyeing and acetylene gas machines. A second large babbit metal 
concern has just come here from Richmond, Va. Iron, steel and 
galvanized roofing, siding and ceiling is made by two leading 
concerns. 

Furniture and other wood working plants employ over $2,000,- 
000 capital and show very rapid development. Thirty kinds 
of furniture are produced, supplying especially complete equipment 
for the kitchen, bed room and dining room. Coffins and caskets 
curtain poles, barrels, packing cases, sash, doors and blinds, hard- 
wood floors and finish, bowls, pulleys and plumbers' wood supplies 
are also made in quantities. 

For the combination of iron and lumber into plows, wagons, 
buggies, carriages, refrigerators, coffins, beds and bed springs, eleva- 
tors, wheelbarrows, show cases, hay presses, etc., Chattanooga's 
nearness to iron ore and valuable timber gives special advantages. 
Thirty-five such concerns have $1,500,000 cash capital. Of these 
plants ten are capitalized at over $50,000 and three at over $200,- 
000. 

The hosiery mills lead in the textile class. The consolidated 
Richmond Mills have begun the erection of a spinning mill to 
supply their own yarn. Besides a complete line of hosiery, yarns 
of different kinds, twines, bags, wool and merino shoddies, bat- 
ting, skeins, underwear and clothing are produced, $1,500,000 
capital being required in these lines. 

Chattanooga's flouring mills have long had an enviable reputa- 
tion. They have recently been supplemented by a large cracker 
factory, which has quickly developed an extensive business. Baking 
powder, confections, flavoring extracts and grocers' sundries are 
also made by leading firms. 

Proprietary remedies and pharmaceuticals rank as leaders here 
in volume of business, sixteen laboratories being required for their 
production. The statistics show about $1,500,000 capital in this 
business, and the extent of their territory is very large. This 
figure does not include soaps or toilet articles or such specialties 
as Coca-Cola or Stainoff. 

The United States Leather Company has some of its largest 
tanneries and extract works in the Chattanooga district, and the 
Scholze interests are also very extensive, including harness and 

35 



saddle making. Trunks., sample cases and other leather products 
are made largely. 

Clay pipe, terra cotta, pressed brick, glass bottles, pottery, lime, 
cement, concrete, tile, crayons and slate pencils are among the 
numerous products of the clays, sands and rocks of the Chattanooga 
territory. Marble is cut here in quantity. 

For ice making, cold storage, cotton oil mills, packing houses, 
fertilizer factories, engraving and electrotyping, cigars, paper boxes, 
breweries and distilleries, large additions have recently been built. 

These facts suggest the extent of Chattanooga's present manu- 
facturing interests and show the trend of her industrial develop- 
ment. Tliere are certain indications that this will continue at a 
still more rapid rate in the future. Chattanooga made goods have 
obtained a wide reputation. Chattanoogans themselves are coming 
to recognize that equal opportunities for profitable manufacturing 
exist here as in Pittsburg twenty-five years ago. The critical 
experimental stage has passed with our leading lines, and we have 
entered as a real contestant in the great race for commercial 
supremacy. 

Among Cliattanooga's superior advantages which have made 
her development possible, and will make her industrial future 
secure, is perhaps most important of all, her location. Few places 
have such proximity to both raw materials and markets for their 
finished products as this mountain city, situated so nearly in the 
center of the broad territory bounded by the Atlantic ocean, the 
Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi and the Ohio and Potomac rivers. 

Ten railroads center here. The great Southern system, with 
its more than 7,000 miles of track, has four lines to Chattanooga, 
and is now engaged in a series of improvements, extensions and 
betterments which are attracting wide attention and will result 
favorably for Chattanooga manufacturers. The Queen and Cres- 
cent system gives us a direct line to Cincinnati, where our goods 
may be entered into the northern markets, and to New Orleans, the 
traffic center of the southwestern states, and the port through 
which is handled most of the business with South America. 

The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, and the Louisville 
and Nashville system of nearly 5,000 miles offers competitive ser- 
vice for southern and western business, while the Central of Georgia 
and the Chattanooga Southern are independent lines running 
through rich agricultural and mineral lands. For expori; business 
the manufacturer finds the ports of Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, 

36 



Brunswick, Pensacola, Mobile and N"ew Orleans about equi-distant, 
so that with excellent transportation facilities to all of these cities^ 
he has a most inviting field in which to operate. The Chattanooga 
Union, or "Belt" Railway, connects with all lines entering the city 
and reaches nearly all the factories with its direct lines. We find 
all of these railroads greatly interested in manufacturing in Chat- 
tanooga, co-operating with generally equitable commodity rates to 
secure a widening of our markets. The Chattanooga Manufact- 
urers' Association maintains a well equipped freight bureau under 
the management of an experienced railroad official, which is of 
great practical service to manufacturers and their customers. 

But Chattanooga's favored location gives her one other means of 
transportation for her products. She is situated on a river of like 
length, depth and volume of water with the Ohio, and in some 
essentials the superior of that waterway. The banks and bottom 
of the Tennessee are more permanent, its supply of water is more 
uniform and less affected by droughts or floods. The Tennessee 
never freezes and seldom has it had a destructive overflow. The 
length of the main river from Knoxville to Paducah is about 675 
miles, with a fall of 518 feet. The period of successful navigation 
is being steadily lengthened by government improvements in the 
channel, the lock and dam in the mountain section below Chatta- 
nooga and the nearly completed work at Colbert Shoals, near Flor- 
ence, promising a nearly all the year river. 

Chattanooga business men have recently incorporated the Chat- 
tanooga Packet Company to secure the continued operation of the 
independent Chattanooga-Paducah line of boats. A loaded boat 
recently made the through trip from Chattanooga to St. Louis in 
four days. 

In few places on the American continent can such a combina- 
tion of valuable ore deposits be found as in the Chattanooga district. 
To this wealth of coal, iron and limestone, the great timber supply 
of her forests and the proximity of the cotton fields Chattanooga 
is largely indebted for her industrial position. The late Col. J. E. 
MacGowan, for many years editor-in-chief of the Chattanooga 
Times, once said: "The greatest natural advantage Chattanooga 
enjoys, in a material sense, is the proximity of the city to coal and 
iron ore, and the resulting cheapness of the production of iron in 
all forms in the city and ricinity. There are unlimited quantities 
of these materials on all sides of the town; within five miles of 
the corporate limits enough ore and coal are hid by the ridges 

37 



apd mountains to supply a score of furnaces for a century, and 
furnish fuel for a quarter of a million people." 

Both steam and domestic coal are bought in Chattanooga cheaper 
than in any competing city. The nearest coal to Chattanooga that 
is being mined on an extensive scale is the Etna mine, twelve 
miles away, near Whiteside, Tenn., where superior blacksmith coal 
is found. 

The Durham mines, seventeen miles east of the city, are now 
turning out a daily output of nearly 900 tons. Other large nearby 
mines are at Soddy, Graysville, Ketro and Sale Creek, at Dade, 
near Shellmoiind, and other points in the Sequatchie valley and 
isTorth Georgia coal fields. No combination of mine operators 
could ever prevent Chattanooga manufacturers from securing the 
cheap coal so abundant at their very doors. It is confidently 
predicted that the present low coal rate into the city will be 
materially reduced at an early day. 

The iron ore in this district is found mainly in the Cumberland 
plateau, passing entirely through the state of Tennessee and ex- 
tending into northern Georgia and Alabama. The deposits are of 
three varieties — -hematite or red iron ore; limonite, or brown ore; 
magnetite, or magnetic iron ore. The red and brown ores are of a 
high grade, and are found in exhaustless quantities. A vein of red 
ore is found inside our city limits, in Cameron hill, and mines 
have been opened up across the river, in Hill City. Large quanti- 
ties of ore are being mined along the Chattanooga Southern Rail- 
way. Some of the principal mines not far distant from the city are 
located at Estelle, Broncho, Cedartown, Prior's Station, Rising 
Fawn, Sulphur Springs, Eureka, Fort Payne, Crudup, Attalla, 
Cartersville and other nearby points. 

Bauxite, copper, zinc, barytes, marble, gold, clay, talc, phosphate 
rock and other minerals and valuable soil materials are also found 
in quantities in the Chattanooga district. 

Proximity to cheap raw material opens two other profitable 
fields of industry for Chattanooga — lumber and textile interests. 
It is on the northern border of the pine belt and is favorably located 
by both rail and water to reach the best oak and poplar sections 
east of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio. Nearly 30,000,000 
feet of logs are floated down the Tennessee river and sawed by 
local mills annually. As a furniture making city Chattanooga is 
making rapid headway, and goods made here are being sold through- 
out the country. New planing mills are being started up con- 

38 



stantly, and the comparative cheapness and good quality of lumber 
is enabling local wagon and plow companies, as well as carriage and 
car factories, to compete with the established centers in those lines 
of industry. The rapidly failing forests of Michigan has alarmed 
northern manufacturers, and as a result hundreds of thousands of 
dollars were spent for timber lands in this section last year. 

The best authorities insist there is no more favorable location 
than Chattanooga for large textile plants. They say that the 
necessary' advantages of a good textile city are location near the 
cotton crop and near the market, climate, labor, cheap fuel and 
power, good water and where living is cheap. Perhaps the most 
important is the nearness to the cotton fields. Chattanooga's loca- 
tion in this respect is worth $5 per bale to her over New England 
mills, and with labor, fuel and living all cheaper here than in 
the northeastern states, it would appear that textile manufacturing 
will certainly attain to a very large proportion. 

The City Government 

The municipality of Chattanooga is administered by the Board 
of Mayor and Aldermen, consisting of the Mayor and sixteen 
Aldermen, two from each ward ; the Board of Public Works, a body 
of three (elected by the Board of Aldermen), which has control 
of the streets; the Board of Public Safety, also a body of three 
(elected by the Board of Aldermen), which has control of the 
police department. All other legislative and executive functions 
are within the control of the Board of Mayor and Aldermen. The 
Mayor is the president of the Board of Aldermen, appoints the 
standing committees and has general supervision of the city affairs. 
The present city officials are : 

Mayor — Wra. L. Frierson. 

City Judge — William Cummings. 

Attorney — G. W. Chamlee. 

Auditor — Jack O'Donohue. 

Physician — Dr. P. D. Sims. 

Collector and Treasurer— T. J. Gillespie. 

Clerk to City Judge— Wm. Stafford. 

The city of Chattanooga is at present very economically gov- 
erned. Basing the population within the restricted corporate 
limits at 50,000, the net cost of conducting the city during the 
current year, including the annual interest charge on bonds, will 

39 



be about $9.38 per capita. The average expense of American cities 
per capita, including interest charges, is in excess of $15. The 
folloAving table shows the aggregate city expenses in the past six 
years, including the annual interest charges : 

1891 $354,237 55 

1892 334,953 23 

1893 322,435 11 

1894 275,595 48 

1895 282,102 84 

1896 256,179 34 

1897 331,356 28 

1898 301,809 60 

1899 320,386 08 

1900 382,504 21 

1901 334,455 77 

1902 306,288 88 

1903 352,489 28 

1904 467,307 69 

The following table shows the actual expense of each department 
of the past year, and from this an idea is conveyed of the general 
management and expense of the city government : 

Actual 1904 Expenses. 

Schools $ 53,264 66 

Health and Hospitals 11,429 83 

General Miscellany 5,600 00 

School Buildings 95,707 73 

Board of Public Works 87,041 93 1 

Police and Prisons 48,544 75 

Fire Department 48,535 81 

Claims 38,727 10 

Water 7,701 23 

Salaries 14,402 76 

Judgments and Costs 6,845 55 

Interest 49,506 34 

Total $467,307 69 

The financial condition of the city at present is very healthy. 
The city has no floating debt, and it has a sufficient cash balance 
in the treasury to meet all obligations during the current fiscal 

40 



year and has no bills payable. The valuation on all property aggre- 
gates $8,700,000; on a basis of about 60 per cent., the actual 
value of real estate and personality within the corporate limits 
being $14,500,000. The net bonded indebtedness of the city, less 
the sinking fund, is $1,200,000. 

Tax levy of the city in the past seventeen years has been as 
follows : 



Tax levy, 1889 $1.80 

Tax levy, 1890 1.75 

Tax levy, 1891 1.80 

Tax levy, 1892 1.60 

Tax levy, 1893 1.30 

Tax levy, 1894 1.30 

Tax levy, 1895 1.25 

Tax levy, 1896 1.65 

Tax levy, 1897 1.50 

Tax levy, 1898 1.40 

Tax levy, 1899 1.65 

Tax levy, 1900 1.65 

Tax levy, 1901 1.45 

Tax levy, 1902 1.45 

Tax levy, 1903 1.45 

Tax levy, 1904 1.45 

Tax lew, 1905 1.65 



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41 



THe Power Plant 

AVhile now enjoying comparatively cheap fuel for the generation 
of power, Chattanooga is to see a further reduction in this charge. 
The following pages contain a description of the great power plant 
being erected at Hale's Bar, in the Tennessee river, for the pur- 
pose of supplying electric power to Chattanooga industries. No 
event has ever made such a contribution to Chattanooga's indus- 
trial supremacy as the inauguration of this feasible project in 
which the United States government and two enterprising Chat- 
tanooga business men, Messrs. C. E. James and J. C. Guild, are 
mutually interested. The Chattanooga and Tennessee Eiver Power 
Company, who are the successors of Messrs, James and Guild, have 
contracted with the Oliver-Stewart Contracting Company, of Knox- 
ville, Tenn., for the construction of the dam, lock and power house, 
and work is now progressing rapidly. The officers of the Chatta- 
nooga and Tennessee Eiver Power Company are E. H, Williams, 
president; N. F. Brady, vice-president; George B. Lancaster, sec- 
retary; John Bogart, C. E., consulting engineer; J. C. Guild, C. E., 
chief engineer. 



42 



Note.— This paper is sent to you that you may ]irepare any discussion of it 
wliich you may wish to present. It is issued to the membership in confidence, 
and with the distinct understanding that it is not to be given to the press or to 
tlie public until after it has been ]M-esented at the meeting. 

The Society as a body is not responsible for the statements of fact or opinion 
advanced in papers or discussion. (C55. of the Constitution.) 

BRING THIS COPY WITH YOU TO THE MEETING. 
{S>ibjecf to Revision.) 



]\o. 097.* 

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER 
AND POWER INSTALLATION OF THE CHAT- 
TANOOGA AND TENNESSEE RIVER POWER COM- 
PANY AT HALE'S BAR, TENN. 

BT THOMAS E. MURRAY 

(Member of the Society.) 

The Tennessee Eiver is six hundred and fifty-two (G52) miles 
long. It is formed by the junction, four and one-half (4|-) miles 
above Knoxville and one hundred and eighty-eight (18S) miles 
above Chattanooga, of the French Broad Kiver which rises in the 
western part of North Carolina and the Holston River which rises 
in the southwestern part of the State of Tennessee. 

Thus formed, the Tennessee River flows in a southwesterly 
direction across the State of Tennessee and through the C.'ity 
of Chattanooga. Its general course is parallel to the eastern slope 
of the Cumberland plateau, and it receives on the way a number of 
important tributaries. At Chattanooga the river inclines more to 
the westward and breaks through the range of the Cumberland 
Mountains. After passing the mountains it crosses the northern 
part of the State of Alabama, flows past the northeast corner of 
Mississippi, and turning to the north crosses the States of Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky, finally emptying into the Ohio River at 
Paducah, a course of 464 miles. Together with its principal tribu- 
taries, it forms a system of internal waterways capable of being- 
navigated by steamboats more than thirteen hundred (1,300) 

* Presented at the Chattanooga meeting (May, 1906) of the American 
Society of Mechanical Engineers, and forming part of Volume XXVII. of the 
Transactions. 



i:\rrR0VEMENT of the texxessee eiver. 



3 



miles. In addition to this, its tributaries are still further navio-able 
by rafts and flatboats, for a distance of more than one thousand 
(1,000) miles, making a system of navigable waters of about two 
thousand three hundred (2,300) miles in len^h, with a drainage 
area of about forty-four thousand (4-l-,000) square milo?. Tbo 



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river is navigable the entire year from its mouth to Riverton, Ala- 
bama, a distance of two hundred and twenty-six (226) miles. Be- 
tween Riverton and Muscle Shoals — a distance of sixty-two and 
one-half (62^) miles^the obstructions to navigation have l^een 
surmounted by means of canals with locks, so that a low-water 
channel of five (5) feet depth is available the entire year. From 



4 IMPBOVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 

Muscle Shoals to Chattanooga — a distance of one hundred seventy- 
five and one-half (175^) miles, the low-water navigation is limited 
to a draught of water not exceeding two (2) feet, and for long 
periods during high-water navigation must be entirely suspended. 

The chief steamboat commerce of the river consists of local 
boat lines having headquarters at the principal towns along the 
river, and there is no through traffic covering the entire system, 
the longest regular boat service is between Chattanooga and 
Paducah when the stage of water permits. 

The total commerce of the Tennessee River amounted in the 
calendar year of 1904 to nearly 1,500,000 tons, valued at ap- 
proximately thirty million ($30,000,000) dollars. Of this traffic 
less than ten (10) per cent, was carried over four hundred and fifty 
(450) miles; about fifty (50) per cent, between two hundred 
(200) miles, and 450 miles and about twenty (20) per cent, be- 
tween fifty (50) and 200 miles. The commerce on the portion of 
the river above Chattanooga, in the same year, amounted to over 
500,000 tons, valued at about four million five hundred thousand 
($4,500,000) dollars. The commerce carried on the river between 
Chattanooga and Florence — a few miles above Riverton — in the 
same year amounted to about 170,000 tons, valued at seven million 
($7,000,000) dollars; and the commerce between Florence and 
Paducah, in the same year, amounted to 870,000 tons, valued at 
over eighteen million ($18,000,000) dollars. 

The general characteristics of the river are those of a broad 
tranquil stream with a moderate current. The bottom is usually of 
rock or coarse gravel, and its banks are remarkably firm and stable. 
The river, as a whole, presents an unusual fijiity of regimen, al- 
though while passing through the mountains below Chattanooga, 
a stretch of perhaps 30 miles, it assumes many of the character- 
istics of a mountain torrent. Its course is exceedingly crooked, 
the slope is excessive, and, owing to the narrow and congested 
channel, the current is irregular and generally very rapid. With 
the exception of this stretch the navigation of the river presents 
no difficulties, and from the time of the settlement of the country 
it has been one of the regular highways of commerce for the region 
through which it flows. The navigation of this " Mountain Sec- 
tion," however, is quite difficult and uncertain. At low water, on 
account of the rapids, it shows many obstructions, while at high 
water it is dangerous on account of the velocity of the current and 
of the eddies and whirlpools caused by its irregular and con- 
tracted cross-section and its excessive flow. 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 
H.w. 1667 (tare; 




CHARACTERISTIC CROSS SECTIONS 



HORIZONTAL SCALE 
eOO «oo 600 MO lOO "''^ 

as 50 75 100 125 FT. 

VERTICAL SCALE 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE EIVER. 




IMl'KO\£MEi\T OF THE TEX.XESSEE EIVE]!. 7 

Between Cliattanooga and ^liellniound— a distance of thirty- 
nme (39) miles by the river— there are ten (10) shoals at which 
the low-water channel depth is less than three (3) feet, and live 
(5) natural ob^trnctions at which, although sufficient depth is 
found, navigation is difficult and somewhat dangerous at nearlv 
every sta^e by reason of the contracted waterway and the swiftness 
of the current. Maps and profiles are given showing the shape of 
the river and the location of the shoals. 

At the foot of Williams Island— ten (10) miles below the Wal- 
nut street Bridge at Chattanooga— the river enters the Cumberland 
mountains, and for the succeeding eight (8) miles it is practically 
a moiintain torrent of unusual dimensions. Completely hemmed 
in by the mountains, it follows a narrow, tortuous, and rocky chan- 
nel feared by steamboat men and others navigating the river. 

The average width of the eight (8) miles through tlie mountains, 
which may be called the " Mountain Section," does not exceed one 
thousand (1,000) feet at the level of ordinary high water, ranging 
from seven hundred (700) feet at the "Pot" to fifteen hundred 
(1,500) feet at " Savannah Towhead." The full signiEcance of 
these figures can best be understood by recalling the fact that the 
ordinary low-water width of the river, where it is normal, is about 
equal to the high-water width above given. The great variation 
from the normal in the width, area and form of the cross-sections 
is illustrated by the cross-section plate which shows the normal 
sections at various places in the river. The gTeatest engorgement 
takes place in the vicinity of the " Suck," where the range between 
extreme high and low water is nearly seventy (70) feet. This 
range is reduced to sixty (60) feet at the " Pot." Between these 
points the fall is excessive, and the flow through the narrow and 
somewhat uniform channel is similar in many respects to that in a 
sluiceway. Below the " Pot " the river widens out and becomes 
practically normal at " Savannah Towhead." Prom the area of the 
sections sho^^Ti and the estimated maximum discharge at Chat- 
tanooga, the mean velocity of flowjias been calculated for the stages 
on the Chattanooga gange, increasing by five (5) feet from zero to 
extreme high water. These results are given in Table "A." 



IMPEOVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE EIVER. 




IMPROVEMENT OF TJIE TENNESSEE RIVER. 
TABLE A. 



Stage 
Chatta- 
nooga 
gauge. 



0. 

5. 
10. 
15. 
20. 
25. 
30 
35. 
40. 
50. 
58. 



Discharge 
c. f. s. 
Chatta- 
nooga. 



8,000- 



28,000 



52,000 - 

85,000 -j 

120,000 -j 

160,000 i 



205,000 



250,000 j 

;jio,ooo -i 



475,000 - 



700,000 j 



Area, in Square Feet, and Mean Velocity, Feet per Second. 



Chatta- 
noof'a. 



1.70 
4,710 

2.78 
10,080 

3.33 
15.600 

4.00 
21,300 

4.45 
27,000 

4.97 
32,170 

5.16 
39.720 

5.02 
49,750 

5.11 
60,700 

5.57 

85,200 

6.76 
106,000 



Tumb- 
ling 
Shoals. 



5.33 

1,500 

4.06 
6,900 

4.37 
11,900 

5.09 
16,700 

5.59 

21,470 

6.19 

25,780 

6.64 
30,860 

6.89 
36,280 

7.35 

42,170 



53,600 

10.95 
64,000 



Suck 
Point. 



2.34 
3,425 

3.65 
7,675 

4.64 
11,200 

5.88 
14,450 

6.70 
17,900 

7.24 
21,600 

8.27 
24,800 

8.33 
30,000 

9.52 
32,550 

11.42 
41,600 

13.95 
50,130 



The 
"Suck.' 



3.32 
2,410 

5.76 
4,860 

6.60 

7,885 

7.23 
11,765 

7.59 
15,825 

7.96 
20, 100 

8.38 
24,450 

8.53 
29,3i)0 

9.00 
34,450 

10.60 
44,800 

12.92 
54,200 



The 
'Pot.' 



2.32 
3,450 

4.94 
5,670 

6.40 
8,120 

7.74 
10,990 

8.70 
13,780 

9.72 
16,470 

10.80 
19,000 

11.36 
22,000 

12.30 
25,200 

15.25 
31,170 

19 18 
36,500 



Scott 
Point. 



4.44 
1,800 

4.25 
6,580 

4.29 
12,110 

4.69 
18,120 

5.19 
23,050 

5.69 
28,120 

6.14 
33,370 



The 
"Pan.' 



2.90 
2,760 

5.06 
5,530 

6.08 
8,560 

6.91 
12,310 

.15 
16,780 

.65 

20,880 

1.30 
24,700 



6.59 
37,950 -28,650 



6.97 
44,180 

8.07 
58,880 

10.30 
68,060 



Savan 
nah 
Tow- 
hi'ad. 



3.64 

2,200 

3.59 
7,800 

3.50 
14,850 

4.06 
20,925 

4.42 
27.175 

4.75 
33.725 

5.20 
39,425 

5.44 
45,925 

5.64 
54,925 

6.58 
72,250 

8.18 



9.34 
33,200 

11.45 
41,500 

14.42 
48,900 85.575 



RemarliH. 



( Mean 
■j Velocity 
( Area. 



The difficulties of navigation of this " Mountain Section " wen^ 
early brought to the attention of the National Government, and 
as far back as 1830 the first attempts at improving the channel of 
the river were made. The proposed improvements in this case 
amounted only to the obtaining of a low-water channel, having a 
depth of about two feet, high-water navigation of the ''^rountaiu 
Section " at that time being practically impossible. This portion 
of the river has been examined and reported upon a number of 
times by the United States Engineer Officers ; the first report was 
made by Colonel Long in 1830. The next report was by Colonel 
McClellan in 1853, and other reports were made in 1854, 1868, 
1890, 1892 and 1898. In all of these reports it has been gonerally 
conceded that the obstructions to navigation offered by the " ^Moun- 



10 IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 

tain Section " were the most serious of any to be found upon the 
river from Knoxville down. Colonel Long in his report outlined 
a plan for the improvement of the " Mountain Section," although 
the degree of improvement which he sought to obtain was exceed- 
ingly moderate. It appeared to have reference to a depth of two 
feet at low water, and it was expected that ascending boats would 
make use of ropes and be warped through the swift water of the 
" Mountain Section." The other reports submitted have generally 
proposed to carry the improvement a little further, to remove a 
greater number of boulders, to dredge a little deeper through cer- 
tain bars and points, and in some cases to attempt to diminish the 
high-water velocity by cutting trees and removing boulders from 
the sides of the high-water channel. These plans have gradually 
been carried out from time to time, as money was available for tlie 
purpose. In all about $150,000 has been expended by the govern- 
ment upon this portion of the river in the construction and main- 
tenance of the various works for channel improvement. As a 
result, navigation through the '* Mountain Section " is somewhat 
less dangerous than it was originally, and it is also less difficult at 
the stages at which the channel can be used. However, the season 
of navigation has not been materially lengthened by all the work 
which has been done, and navigation through the " Mountain Sec- 
tion " is still entirely suspended at extreme low water, and the 
period of suspension is still very long. Navigation through the 
" Mountain Section " is generally considered unsafe for any boat 
of sufficient size to be useful for the purposes of commerce when the 
river falls below a 3-foot stage by the Chattanooga gauge, and the 
records would indicate that there is an average suspension of navi- 
gation on the river for at least three months out of every year, and 
this suspension occurs in the late fall and early winter, at the time 
when the navigation of the river would be most useful and most 
advantageous. 

In 1891-1892 an examination was made of the reach of the 
" Mountain Section," under the direction of G. W. Goethals, Corps 
of Engineers, IT. S. A., during the course of which the velocity of 
the current in the channel was measured at most of the points given 
above for six stages. The results of these observations are given in 
table "B." The velocities given in the tables, while they represent 
in one case the mean conditions of the whole section, and in the 
other the actual conditions at the point of observation, do not 
always give an adequate idea of the difficulties of navigation at the 
points mentioned, on account of the complications caused by the 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNKtSSKK KlVKIl. 



u 



TABLE B. 

Showing Observed Velocities at Various Stages and Locations in tiik 
"Mountain Section." 



Chattanooga Gauge 


5.00 


V.50 


8.50 


9.50 

6.20 

9.;!0 

11.45 

'iL75 

7 10 


16.60 

7.90 

9.75 

10.00 

10.15 

13.00 

7.00 






32.00 


Tumbling Shoals 

Suck Point 


7.50 

7.65 

10 90 

7.40 

'9.36 
10.15 


6.15 

8.15 

11.05 

"i6!50 
9.05 


"8.45 
11.65 


7.10 
10.50 
12.20 


The " Suck " 


Suck Shoals 


Ricliies Point 


'i3!46 

15.00 

7.25 


The "Pot".... 

The "Skillet" 


« 



formation of whirlpools and eddies ; for instance : The table shows 
the highest velocities at the " Pot " and it is natural to expect to en- 
counter there the greatest difficulties, whereas it is claimed by 
steamboat men that both the " Suck " and '' Suck Point " are more 
dangerous and difficult to pass at high stages. 

At low water the fall is governed by the longitudinal profile 
of the river bed, and is consequently concentrated at the shoals 
and other obstructions where, in some instances, for a limited dis- 
tance, it amounts to more than one (1) foot in one hundred (100) 
feet. The total fall of extreme low water between Chattanooga and 
Shellmound is thirty-four (34) feet. This naturally divides itself 
into four (4) reaches with comparatively uniform fall, as follows: 

Chattanooga to Tumbling Shoals 10 miles; 11.94 feet fall 

Tumbling Shoals to Scott Point 7.5 " 14.8 " " 

Scott Point to Kellys Ferry 5.2 " 3.6 " 

Kellys Ferry to Shellmound 16.1 " 3.8 " 

Total 38.8.miles: 34.14 feet fall 

The high-water fall is largely controlled by the contracted sec- 
tions in the mountains, and may be divided into three reaches 
over which the fall is nearly uniform, as folloAvs : 

Chattanooga to the "Suck" 12.7 miles; 7.8 feet fall 

The "Suck" to Kell.vs Ferry 10 " 25.8 

Kellys Ferry to Shellmound 16.1 " 13.5 " ^^ 

Total 38.8.mile8; 47.1'feet fall 

Because the river is confined in a deep, narrow and crooked 
canyon in the mountains, and because its fall through this canyon 
is excessive, it was seen that the limit of improvement by channel 



12 IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 

work had practically been reached, and in 1890 the Board of En- 
gineers, which was appointed to consider the improvement of the 
*' Suck," a name which is sometimes applied to the wliole of the 
" Mountain Section," and sometimes is limited to only one of the 
obstructions, reported that the only complete and practical im- 
provement of this section of the Tennessee River would be by the 
construction of canals, or by arrangements for slack-water naviga- 
tion, but they report further that the great expense of slack-water 
navigation rendered it unworthy of consideration at that time. 
Since that time the project of slack-water navigation of the 
'' Mountain Section ''' has been repeatedly taken up, and a num- 
ber of proposals have been made by the government. In 1900 the 
government engineers reported on a system of slack-water navi- 
gation, which they estimated would cost in the neighborhood of 
one million dollars. 

In planning a system of slack-water navigation for the " Moun- 
tain Section " a very serious difficulty is met with at the outset, 
and that is the enormous flood height which the river occasionally, 
although at rare intervals, attains in this particular place. As 
before stated, the banks of the river rise rapidly from the low- 
water channel. There is no flood plain, so that even at the highest 
stages the surface width of the river in some places in the " Moun- 
tain Section " is not more than 1,000 feet, although this does not 
exceed its average low-water width at and above Chattanooga. The 
consequence is that in time of flood there is an engorgement of the 
waters at this narrow point, and the water is backed up and held 
as by a dam until it has been known to attain a height in the 
mountains of 70 feet above its ordinary low-water level. This en- 
gorgement ponds the water, and diminishes the high-water slope 
for many miles above Chattanooga. It is true that such excep- 
tional flood heights are of very rare occurence, only one authentic 
record of such a flood being in existence. 

At such extreme floods down along the river the banks are 
generally inundated, bottom lands are all overflowed, the land- 
ings are under water, and it is a matter of indiflerence whether 
navigation is possible or not. It would seem, therefore, unwise 
and unnecessary to attempt to provide safe and easy navigation for 
such extreme and exceptional floods. The most difficult problem 
presented for solution in connection with the installation of a sys- 
tem of slack-water navigation has been the determination of the 
" guard " for the locks ; that is, the height that the lock must have 
above the dam in order that it may continue in use until the dam 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 13 

is SO completely submerged that vessels may safely and easily pass 
over it. 

Owing to the very narrow water way in the " Mountain Sec- 
tion," and to the gi-eat velocity of water at high stages, it seems 
doubtful if any dam of useful heighth would be submerged at any 
stage of the river, and it would, therefore, be necessary in order 
to insure an entirely uninterrupted navigation at every conceiv- 
able stage of the river to construct locks whicli could be operated 
at all stages, and this would involve a height of walls and of gates 
that would render the cost excessive. The alternative is to admit 
of a possible suspension of navigation during the time of great 
floods, knowing these periods of suspension must be short and ol 
rare occurrence. 

An examination of the hydrographs from 1875 to 1900 shows 
that if the stage of 35 feet on the Chattanooga gauge is assumed 
as the limiting height beyond which it will not pay to attempt 
to provide navigation, then in the past 25 years there would 
have been 17 suspensions of navigation, amounting in the aggre- 
gate to 85 days or a little more than 3 days per annum. 

Records show that there were actually 2,317 days during which 
navigation even for very light draught boats was suspended, and 
probably quite as many more days when it was attended with 
difficulties and dangers that a slack-water improvement would have 
entirely obviated. During this period of 25 years there were 12 
years in which the height of 35 feet on the Chattanooga gauge 
was not reached at all. 

Thirty-five feet on the Chattanooga gauge was, therefore, as- 
sumed as the height up to which it must be possible to operate the 
locks. Having fixed upon this height, a number of different plans 
were considered: A plan to improve only the worst part of the 
" Mountain Section " by a dam which would back the Avater up 
over Tumbling Shoals ; a plan to improve the entire reach from the 
" Skillet " to Chattanooga by a higher dam; a plan considering a 
site near the Savannah Towhead for a lock and dam to accomplish 
either of the above purposes; the plan finally reported being a 
single lock and dam in the vicinity of the " Skillet," the dam 
to have such a height that it would back the water up to Chattanooga 
and to secure at the lowest stages a navigable channel not less 
than 5 feet in depth for the entire distance and to use witli this 
dam a single lock, the walls and gates of such height that it could 
be used until the river reached a stage of 35 feet on the Chatta- 
nooga gauge. 



14 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 



+ ° 

+ ° 
If 




IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVEK. IT) 

As might be expected in a place where the river has cut ita 
way down 1,000 feet throiigli rock of varying harthiess, the 
bottom of the river is not composed, as a rule, of solid rock, but 
is made up of boulders, gravel and drift, so that considerabli! <lif- 
ficultj was experienced in finding a suitable foundation for a lock 
and dam. The locality knowTi as '^ Scott Point" was finally 
selected, and after several hundred borings it was finally demon- 
strated that a suitable rock foundation at a reasonable depth could 
be had both for the lock and the dam. 

The work proposed in the report of 1900 consisted of a lock 
of cut stone masonry, 65 feet wide in the clear and 300 feet long 
between hollow quoins. The dam was to be constructed of heavy 
timber cribs filled with stone, the crest of the dam to be perpendicu- 
lar with the general direction of the current, and to be horizontal 
and straight, the deck to slope do^vnward each way from the crest 
at a slope of two to one. 

About this time, some of the business men in Chattanooga, who 
had been following the progress of the development of water power 
in various parts of the country, conceived the idea that these 
works for the amelioration of the traffic conditions on the Tennessee 
River might be made to pay for themselves, by the conversion of 
the water power generated at the dam into electrical energy; and 
the whole matter was taken up with a great deal of earnestness, 
notably by C. E. James and J. C. Guild. The scheme was ex- 
amined in all its bearings, especially as to its influence on the 
development of the industrial situation in Chattanooga, and the 
aid of the Honorable John A. Moon, coogressman from that dis- 
trict, was enlisted to obtain the necessary legislation. 

These efforts culminated in an Act of Congress approved April 
26, 1904, which authorized the Secretary of War to grant per- 
mission to the City of Chattanooga to build and construct a lock 
and dam across the Tennessee River at Scott Point, near Chat- 
tanooga, Tennessee, under his direction and control, in accordance 
with plans and designs made by Major D. C. Kingman, Corps of 
Engineers, United States Army. This act also provided that if 
the^City of Chattanooga should fail within four (4) months from 
the date of the passage of the act to notify the Secretary of War 
of its intention to construct the lock and dam, then the Secretary 
of War was empowered to offer the franchise to C. E. James and 
J. C. Guild, residents of Chattanooga, Tennessee, for a further 
period of eight (8) months, and failing to contract with tliom, to 
contract with any private corporation, company, firm, or lousiness, 



16 IMPEOVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE KIVER. 

for the construction of the lock and dam on the terms and in the 
manner provided. The parties obtaining the franchise were to 
construct the lock and dam at their own expense, acquiring the 
land that might be necessary for that purpose. The United States 
was to furnish the machinery for the lock, but the power for the 
operation of the same was to be furnished by the company. And 
it was further provided that the utilization of power by means of 
the dam was not to interfere with the flow of water or the navi- 
gation of the river. 

The City of Chattanooga failed to take advantage of the op- 
portunity; but Messrs. James and Guild, seeing the advantages 
that would accrue to themselves and their associates, organized 
the Chattanooga and Tennessee River Power Company to under- 
take this work, with Mr. A. IST. Brady as the leading spirit of the 
financial group. The active interest of Mr. A. N. Brady in 
industrial enterprises of this character and his appreciation of 
their possibilities has made feasible the development of many 
similar undertakings ; he had associated with him as his technical 
advisers in this work Mr. John Bogart and the author of this 
paper. The Chattanooga and Tennessee River Power Company 
then entered into contract with the United States Government for 
the construction and maintenance of the works. 

The question to be considered by Major Kingman when deciding 
upon a location for a lock and dam was one of economy; and a 
location which, while giving ample navigation facilities, would 
require the smallest expenditure of funds, was, therefore, the one 
to be sought, and it was found at Scott Point. When, however, 
Congress passed an act allowing private parties to build the lock 
and dam, in return for the use of the water power for ninety-nine 
years, a different aspect was put upon the case, and the paramount 
question was not economy. Provided that the interests of naviga- 
tion were fully safeguarded, it was desirable to locate the works 
lower down the river and get the benefits of the extra fall in 
such distance. The use for ninety-nine years of the extra power 
so garned would far more than compensate for the extra cost of 
the structures, due to increased height. 

The original act of Congress in relation to this construction 
fixed the location of the dam and lock at Scott Point, about 16 
miles, along the course of the Tennessee River, below the City of 
Chattanooga. A study of the conditions affecting the river, par- 
ticularly in the higher stages of flow, showed that the head upon the 
turbines would be greatly decreased as the river rose. This would 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 17 

be caused bj the fact that below Scott Point tliere occur several 
narrow passes which in flood stages set the water back to such an 
extent that with a dam giving a head of over 35 feet at low stages 
there would be, at a flood of 25 feet, only about 17 feet heid 
on the wheels. Also that at the time of a flood of 35 foot which 




ft lO'-O »T«- 10-0 »1 



CROSS SECTIOM OF DAM 



occasionally occurs, the head would be reduced to ahout 12 feet, 
and that at a stage of 40 feet, which may occur, the head would 
be only 10 feet. The difficulties of securing a satisfactory develop- 
ment under these conditions were so great that after representa- 
tion of the facts to the authorities at Washington an act was passed 
by Congress (approved January 7, 1905) authorizing the location 
of the dam at such other point or place in the mountain section 



18 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE KIVEE. 




IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE EIVER. 19 

of the river below Scott Point as the Secretary of War mi-ht ap- 
prove. ^ 

A location was then studied at Kellys Bar, 5i miles below 
Scott Point. This was found to be a favorable place for the con- 
struction of the requisite works, but there being still a number 
of narrow places in the river below, the hydraulic conditions, whilo 
better than at Scott Point, were not satisfactory. 

A location was finally found at Hale's Bar, 3:3 miles below 
Chattanooga, which is satisfactory from all points of view. The 
foundations for all structures are on solid rock, the river at this 
point leaves the mountain gorge and enters upon a wide valley, 
so that the backing up of flood waves is much less than at points 
above. The head on the turbines at low water will be 391- feet. 
At a flood of 25 feet there will be 27 feet head, and at a flood 
of 35 feet there will be 21^ feet head, and at a stage of 40 feet 
the head would still be about 19 feet, thus assuring a large con- 
tinuous output of power under all conditions of flow. 

It has also been found practicable, with the sanction of the Gov- 
ernment, to make the crest of the dam higher at this point than 
at the other places studied. The increased pool, extending to 
Chattanooga, gives very desirable and satisfactory storage for use 
in regulating power at times of low flow and also affords good 
navigation at several bad points not improved by constructions at 
the other locations. The Scott Point lock was to be of cut stone 
masonry, and the dam of timber cribs filled with stone. The Hale's 
Bar lock is designed to be of concrete; the dam also is to be of 
concrete, as being more durable and water-tight. The natural fall 
in the river at low water between Scott Point and Hale's Bar is 
five feet, and the crest of the dam, as now designed, is six and 
one-half feet higher than the Scott Point design, giving an extra 
head of eleven and one-half feet at extreme low water. With a 
discharge of 5,000 cubic feet, this means that the present plan will 
deliver at Chattanooga about 5,000 horse-power more tlian the oM 
plan and location. 

The lock and dam were designed under the direction of yfajor 
H. C. IsTewcomer, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., by John 'M. 0. 
Watt, Principal Assistant Engineer. The couoern of the Govern- 
ment being only the conservation or improvement of the naviga- 
bility of the river, it required that only the lock and dam bo de- 
signed by the engineer ofiicer in charge of the Tennessee River; 
the power house and all appurtenances for developing the water 



20 IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE KIVEE. 

power were to be designed by the grantees, subject, however, to the 
approval of the Secretary of War. 

The designs for the power plant have been developed by John 
Bogart, C. E., who had many novel features to encounter and 
diliiculties to overcome, the chief being how to deliver not less 
than a certain fixed minimum of power every hour in the year, 
irrespective of the stage of the river. In this connection I cannot 
do better than quote the words of Mr. Bogart : " The difiicult 
hydraulic problem in the development of this power arises from 
the variations in volume of flow and in head upon the turbine 
wheels. The variation in volume runs from about 5,000 cubic feet 
per second up to 255,000 cubic feet per second, with the probability 
of an occasional flood reaching a volume of 320,000 cubic feet per 
second. Once during the past twenty years there was an un- 
precedented flood with a volume of possibly 600,000 cubic feet per 
second ; the duration of this was brief. 

"A rather general statement is that for an approximate average 
period of about two months of a year the flow will be between 
8,000 and 16,000 cubic feet per second; for about four months 
between 12,000 and 59,000 ; for about four months between 10,500 
and 59,000; for about two months between 21,500 and 92,000 
cubic feet per second. The successful operation of the generators 
which transform the water poAver into electrical current requires 
that the speed shall be substantially constant at all times. If 
the variations in volume and head were not greater than those 
found it would not be difficult to secure this uniformity of speed. 
But the volume of flow has in the past and probably will in 
the future be at times less than 8,000 cubic feet per second, and 
this low flow may continue for a number of consecutive days, pos- 
sibly for several consecutive weeks. To insure commercial success 
in the enterprise it is necessary that the electrical output should 
continue during this period. Therefore, the rate of speed of the 
turbine must continue uniform, and as the volume is limited the 
turbines must be designed to secure the highest efficiency during 
these periods of low flow, and it is also important that the head 
upon the wheels should then be as great as is in any reasonable 
way practicable. 

" It is also the fact that there have been and doubtless will be 
periods when the volume of flow is considerably greater than 
the 92,000 cubic feet per second, which is the ordinary high-water 
flow. The flow has frequently exceeded that volume for many 
consecutive days; 157,000 for a week; 189,000 for a similar 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE KIVKK. 21 

period ; and the volume lias reached 320,000 more than once. Ivi-^h 
of these additions of volume involves a reduction of licad which 
will be lowered to less than 18 feet when these larger flows occur. 
To secure a uniformity of speed and a regular output of power 
under these conditions I have found it necessary to design a third 
turbine wheel upon the shaft on which the two turbines will be 
fixed for the lower volumes. This third wheel will be adapted 
to the utilization of great volume at the lower heads, there being 
then ample water which can better be utilized through the wheels 
than allowed to pass over the dam." 

The lock and dam will be built of cyclopean concrete ; that is to 
say, large stones, say up to ten tons weight, or larger, if the ma- 
chinery can handle it, will be embedded in and completely covered 
with concrete to a depth of not less than nine inches ; so that the 
body of the structure is chiefly of uncut blocks of stone, laid in 
random range, and separated from each other in every direction 
by nine inches or more of concrete. This will cheapen the con- 
struction, and acually be safer than simple concrete, as it will make 
a heavier mass, while with ordinary care in laying it will be just 
as impermeable. 

The lock is located on the west or right bank of the river. It 
will be built against a rock bluff, thus obviating any danger from 
the river cutting around during high water. The dam will be 
1,200 feet long and extend from the lock to the power house. The 
power house will be about 200 feet long and will be built as a 
continuation of the dam. The power house will be connected with 
the left bank of the river by means of an earth embankment with 
a concrete core wall. This core wall will extend to solid rock, will 
have a width of 4 feet on top and a maximum width of 8 feet at 
the bottom. Its top will be at elevation 665. The earth banlc 
will be carried two feet higher, will have a top width of 3 2 feet, 
and will have side slopes of two to one. At elevation 653 it will 
have a berm on the lower side which will carry an approach to the 
power house. The total length between the rock bluff and the 
hill where the embankment wall terminate is about 2,300 feet, 
of which the dam comprises 1,200 feet, the power and transformer 
houses about 300 feet, and the embankment nbont TOO tVct. ^ 

The tops of the lock walls will be at elevation 650. The inner 
or land wall proper of the lock will be 427 feet long, with ai^proach 
walls aggregating 123 feet more, or a total length over all of 550 
feet. At each end there will be a wing wall running into the 
bank at the same elevation as the top of the main wall. The length 



22 IMPEOVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE EIVEE. 

of tlie river wall proper is 440 feet, with a lower approach wall 
190 feet long. The upper approach wall is formed of detached 
piers 16 feet long, with spaces of 20 feet between them and ex- 
tending 232 feet upstream of the upper end of the lock. The 
height of the lock walls will be about 58 feet. The land wall will 
have a bottom width of 30 feet and a top width of 5 feet. The 
bottom and top widths of the river wall will be 32 and 8 feet re- 
spectively. At the buttresses supporting the gates the top width 
is increased in all cases to 25 feet, the base of the land wall to 33 
feet, the base of the river wall to 35 feet at the upper end, and to 
46 feet at the lower end. 

The lock will have a clear width of 60 feet. The gates will be 
of the mitering type, horizontally framed, of mild steel, and will 
be opened and closed by rack bars operated by electricity, with 
arrangements for hand power in case of failure of the electric 
current. These gates will be remarkable for the head they will 
have to support. In extreme low water seasons, with flashboards 
on the dam, the difference in elevation between the two pools will 
be about 40 feet. Each leaf of the lower gate will be about 34 
feet long by 59 feet high, and will weigh about 129 tons; each 
leaf of the upper gate will be about 26 feet high, and will weigh 
about 50 tons. 

The lock chamber will be filled by two culverts, about 11 feet 
by 6 feet, one in each wall, running the whole length of the cham- 
ber, and having ten openings three feet below the level of low 
water. It will be emptied by means of two culverts of the same 
size, each having three openings into the lower bay. These cul- 
verts will be operated by Stoney sluice gates, operated from the 
top of the wall by electric or hand power. The chamber will ad- 
mit at low water a fleet of boats or barges drawing six feet, with a 
width of 59 feet and a length of 300 feet. 

In case of accident to the gates the lock can bo closed by 
placing five steel trestles across each end, fitting into journals 
placed during construction. These trestles would then be con- 
nected by steel beams against which would rest needles or ver- 
tical beams of timber or steel. 

The crest of the dam will be at elevation 635 and have a width 
of eight feet. The upstream face will be vertical while the do"\vn- 
stream face will have a batter of three horizontal to four vertical, 
terminating in a curve with a radius of 20 feet. The height will 
vary from 42 feet to 62 feet, depending on the elevation of solid 
rock, with an average height of about 52 feet. Running the full 



IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 23 

length of the dam there will be a passageway, as shown in the 
accompanying section. This will be two and a lialf feet wide by 
six and a half feet high. It will terminate in the land wall of 
the lock and in the power house in shafts extending above extreme 
high water. At the bottom of this passageway at intervals of 12 
feet will be placed two-inch wrought-iron pipes extending out to 
the downstream face of the dam. These pipes will supply air 
under the falling sheet of water passing over the dam, and prevent 
the formation of a vacuum. This passageway will also be used as 
a means of crossing from the power house to the lock, and will 
carrr the wires for furnishing the electricity for operating the 
machinery of the lock and for lighting the lock and other United 
States property. Near the power house the dam will contain a 
sluiceway to supply water to the lower pool at times when there 
is none passing over the dam or through the power house. 

The power house wall consist of seven bays, each containing two 
units. Each unit will consist of three turbines on a vertical shaft, 
carrying the generator at its upper end. Under ordinary stages 
of the river only two of the turbines will be used, the tliird being 
held in reserve and used when there is a large quantity of water 
flowing, but giving a reduced liead. Each generator will have 
a normal capacity of 2,250 to 3,000 k.w. The main floor of the 
power house "will be at elevation 053. Ten feet below this will 
be a floor carrying the supports of the rotating parts of the tur- 
bine and generators and also the governors. 

The water will be eoudueted to the power house by a headrace 
excavated in the bank of the river. The tailrace will also be 
excavated in the bank of the river, and will extend down into the 
rock, its elevation at the power house being 571. Low water below 
the dam will be at elevation 598,5. This will give a head of 
36.5 feet, which can be increased three feet by the use of flash- 
boards. 

The lock, dam and powder house are all to be built of concrete. 

Although nothing has been deflnitely decided as yet regarding 
the electrical apparatus, it is the intention at the present time 
to generate current at 6,600 volts, 60 cycles, and step up through 
oil-insulated; water-cooled transformers to either 23,000 or 40,000 
volts for the transmission line. The first transmission line will 
probably consist of two three-phase lines on the same ])ole, and 
will be carried in a straight line over the mountain to the south 
of the bend in the Tennessee Eiver just below Ivellys Ferry. 



24 IMPKOVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER. 

From this point the line will follow the carriage road through the 
hills to Chattanooga. The Receiving Sub-Station will probably 
be equipped with 23,000 or 40,000 volt air blast step-down trans- 
formers, with 2,300 volts distribution within the city. 

It is expected that the entire plant will be completed and ready 
for operation about October 1, 1907. In conclusion, credit should 
be given for data and other help in the preparation of this paper 
to John Bogart, Consulting Engineer, and J. C. Guild, Chief En- 
gineer of the Chattanooga and Tennessee River Power Company, 
and to C. E. James, Major H. C. N"ewcomer, Engineer Corps, 
TJ. S. A., and John M. G. Watt, Principal Assistant Engineer* 
to the reports of the War Department, and to my assistant, Geo. 
A. Orrok (Member A. S. M. E.). 



)CiETY OP Mechanical Enoikekks. Vol. SXVII, 



Thomjs E. Mdkhav. 




MAP OF "MOUNTAIN SECTI ON" of TEN NESSEE RIVER. 




SKETCH or POWERHOUSE 
TURBINE ARRANGEMENT. 



\ 



Tjiomab E. MuriBAy. 




Climate and Progress 

In the location of an industrial commimity an important con- 
sideration is that of climate. The East Tennessee climate is pro- 
motive of the highest state of human health and vigor. Nestled 
between mountains and ridges, Chattanooga is protected from the 
fierce northwesters that sweep through the Mississippi and Missouri 
valleys. The temperature is comparatively even and the rainfall 
is well distributed. Boiler-making and other heavy work can be 
done out doors practically all the year. This is the healthiest city 
of its size in the country. The normal death rate is 15 per 1,000 
of the total population, and is much less when only the whites are 
included. This is mainly due to the proximity to the mountains, 
the pure water supply and to the high site of the city. Chatta- 
nooga is from 675 to 800 feet above the sea level. There is little 
malaria and typhoid fever and a surprising immunity from disease 
of like character. 

Chattanooga manufacturers have a desirable laboring population 
open to them. The short winters, healthy climate and comparative 
cheapness of foodstuffs makes it possible for the laboring classes to 
live here much more cheaply than in many other cities, and wages 
are proportionately generally more reasonable. The laboring people 
of Chattanooga are above the average in intelligence and ambition, 
and for manufacturing purposes are just coming to their prime. 
It takes two generations of manufacturing before the best results 
can be obtained. Chattanooga's great industrial impetus began 
soon after 1880, and now the sons of these first workmen are com- 
ing to manhood with the benefit of their fathers' training and 
experience to begin with. They have been raised up in and around 
our factories and they know tlieir every detail. Chattanooga ex- 
periences exceptionally little labor trouble and loss from strikes. 
The relations between employer and employe have been unusually 
cordial and satisfactory. 

It is notable that recent large additions to the manufacturing 
plants of the city have nearly all been made by Chattanooga people 
who have made their money in manufacturing and who are thor- 
oughly familiar with local conditions and the market in which 
Chattanooga must sell goods. This gives a new concern almost 
an established trade to commence with and accounts for some of 
the quick, phenomenal successes we have seen. 

In considering Chattanooga's industrial growth it should not 
be forgotten that there has been no systematic effort to secure new 
industries here. Indeed, the substantial character of this growth 

43 



is shown by the fact that fully 75 per cent, of this increased capi- 
tal has been provided at home. Our own people and others thor- 
oughly familiar with conditions and markets have invested thus 
liberally in manufacturing here, arguing in the most emphatic 
way for our importance as a manufacturing center. 

The market for Chattanooga-made goods is now colnstantly 
widening. The great diversity of our factories, making nearly 
500 separate articles, attracts buyers and enables them to buy full 
lines here and to bunch shipments at car load rates. New railroads 
are being constructed penetrating territory that is to be rapidly 
built up. The south is growing at a remarkable rate, and its con- 
sumption of manufactured goods is constantly increasing. Trans- 
portation charges play a more important part than ever before in 
the cost of products, and it is against sound commercial principles 
to send raw materials away to be made up into manufactured 
products that are brought back for consumption to the district 
where the raw material is produced. Goods are sold on narrower 
margins and the competitive spirit is keener than ever before. The 
recognition of this principle helps Chattanooga factories. 

Eecognition should be made of the value of the Tradesman, 
the great trade paper of which the whole South is proud, in assist- 
ing to develop the industrial spirit in Chattanooga. 

Locally a spirit of co-operation has sprung up among manu- 
facturers determined to give their city the rank its natural ad- 
vantages merit. The principle of every man for himself is giving 
way to a realization of the fact that it is by the united effort of 
its business men that an industrial community can make the best 
progress and best serve its patrons. The organization and success 
of the Chattanooga Manufacturers' Association, the union of furni- 
ture men under the name of the Chattanooga Furniture Associa- 
tion, and the co-operation of a number of leading manufacturers 
in the organization of new companies and the completion of lines 
only partially represented here, shows the development of this 
new era and its improved esprit de corps. Already an increasing 
business, a feeling of confidence locally and higher standing abroad 
are resulting. And factories are being modernized, waste elimi- 
nated, bi-products utilized and scientific principles applied to the 
production of high grade goods. 

Industrial Chattanooga is measuring up to her opportunities. 
The publication of The Manufacturer, representing the industrial 
interests of this one city, evidences healthy vitality. 

44 



THe State of Tennessee 

The State of Tennessee lies between tlie boundaries of 35 and 
36 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude, the zone of ideal temperate 
climate. It has an area of 42,050 square miles, comprising nearly 
27,000,000 acres, and in 1900 its population is in round numbers 
2,022,000, an increase of 250,000 since the census of 1890. The 
state is in the form of a quadrilateral, 432 miles in length from 
east to west, and 109 miles from north to south, taking the greatest 
length and width. It has more miles of navigable streams to the 
square mile than any state in the union, aggregating about 1,200 
miles of navigable water. 

The State of Tennessee, by reason of its peculiar topography, 
beginning in the eastern portion with chains of towering moun- 
tains, attaining an elevation of 6,600 feet above sea level, and 
descending in regular stages, penetrated by valleys of almost incon- 
ceivable richness, to the low savannahs, which border the deep 
flowing Mississippi on the west, combines within its boundaries 
a greater variety of soils and products, a larger diversity of mineral 
resources, a more genial climate and richer scenic attractions than 
any state of the union. 

The difference in altitude between the extreme eastern and 
western boundaries of the state is 6,000 feet, equivalent to eigliteen 
degrees of latitude, and producing a flora and a climate within 
the confines of the state the same as if it extended along the Atlan- 
tic ocean, from North Carolina to Labrador. It is a fact that 
every crop grown in the United States is produced to a greater or 
less extent in the State of Tennessee, and almost every mineral 
and timber found within the limits of our great union has been 
discovered in the state. 

The average temperature in the center of the state is 58 degrees, 
and about 1 degree lower in the northern part and 1 degree higher 
in the southern; the average annual rainfall is 54 inches. The 
average period between killing frosts, as ascertained by a series of 
observations continued for twenty-two years, is 189 to 200 days, 
being nearly seven months in the southern part of the state and 
a trifle over six months in the northern portion. 

45 



THE PRODUCTIONS. 

The latest statistics of agricultural products are for the year 
1900, which give the farm products of the state as follows : 

Wheat bushels 11,924,000 

Corn, bushels 67,307,390 

Oats, bushels 3,735,330 

Eye, bushels 107,913 

Buckwheat, bushels 8,597 

Barley, bushels 31,636 

Potatoes, bushels 1,404,097 

Sweet potatoes, bushels 1,571,575 

Hay, tons 679,450 

Peanuts, bushels 747,668 

Cotton, bales 234,593 

Number of sheep 496,000 

Wool, pounds 1,395,295 

Tobacco crop, pounds 49,157,550 

Horses 338,535 

Mules 338,976 

Meat cattle 913,183 

Butter, pounds 39,091,696 

Cheese, pounds 36,633 

Honey, pounds 2,404,550 

Beeswax, pounds 79,590 

Swine 1,976,984 

Poultry 7,759,264 

Eggs, dozens 31,807,990 

THE rOPULATION. 

The white population of the state increased 17.05 per cent, be- 
tween 1880 and 1890, the negro increased 7.73 per cent.; from 
1890 to 1900 the white population increased 15.2 per cent., the 
negro increase M^as 11.5 per cent.; this rate has been maintained 
since 1900, and the ratio between the races in the state today is 
about 76.2 per cent, white, 23.8 per cent, negro; 80 per cent, 
of the total population is rural. The white population is nearly 
all Anglo-Saxon and Scotch-Irish origin; the foreign element is 
not over 5 per cent, of the whole. 

THE RAILROADS. 

The total railroad mileage in the state is about 3,137 miles, 
penetrating seventy-four out of the ninety-six counties. 

46 



MINERAL WEALTH. 

The mineral wealth of the state seems almost fabulous. Nature 
poured forth her riches with a lavish hand in this commonwealth 
and every mineral Icnown to arts in the temperate zone is found! 
and many in inexhaustible quantities and of surpassing richness. 

There are 84 coal mines in the state wliich produce annually 
about 4,300,000 tons of coal, of which about 800,000 tons are manu- 
factured into coke. 

Iron ore and limestone are found in all three grand divisions 
of the state, and coal in abundant quantity in two divisions. The 
three lie in close juxtaposition in many portions of the state. The 
production of iron ore averages nearly 900,000 tons per year, of 
which 60 per cent, is brown hematite and 40 per cent, red hematite. 

There are twenty-six blast furnaces in the state, with daily 
capacity of 1,800 tons of pig iron; 12 are charcoal and 14 coke 
stacks. The annual pig iron product of the state is about 350,000 
tons, which is more than the total amount produced in the United 
States in 1843. 

The Tennessee marbles are famous the world over and exist in 
greatest abundance in East Tennessee. There are 200 varieties 
found in the state ranging in color from the dazzling white to jet 
black. There are now 50 quarries in operation in the state produc- 
ing annually about 55,000 tons. 

Copper, zinc, lead, manganese, gold, iron pyrites, sulphate of 
iron, gypsum, salt, nitrate of potassa, legnite, alum and slate 
exist in workable quantities. Oil wells of great value are being 
developed. A new industry and a great source of wealth which has 
developed in the state within the last few years is the great phos- 
phate beds, discovered in Middle and West Tennessee, and hundreds 
of thousands of tons are now annually mined. 

BUILDING STONE. 

Granite of a very rich color and great compactness is found in 
portions of the state; limestones and sandstones are everywhere 
abundant, and beds of burr or millstones are worked; lithograph 
and oil stones of high qualit}^ are also found. 

Potters^ clay, fire and brick clays and kaolin are very abund- 
ant, and are of excellent quality. Heavy spar and other mineral 
paints are found. Large deposits of asbestos exist in some locali- 
ties; copperas is abundant and gympsum has been discovered. 

47 



THE TIMBEK. 

The total acreage of woodlands and wild lands in the state is 
placed at 17,062,316 acres. The following varieties are the chief 
timbers of the state : White, blue and water ash, beech, birch, buck- 
eye, red cedar, chestnut, wild cherry, cotton wood, cypress, dogwood, 
elm, balsam, black fir, g-um, six varieties of hickory, linden, locust, 
maple, red nmlberry, from twelve to fifteen species of oak, white 
and yellow pine, blue, white and yellow poplar, sassafras as a 
shrub and as a forest tree, sycamore, black and white walnut, but- 
ternut, laurel, hornbeam, box elder, hackberry, persimmon, etc. 

THE MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. 

According to the census of 1900, $51,475,093 were invested in 
manufactories in Tennessee, with an annual output of $72,355,286 
manufactured products. The manufacturing interests of the state 
are diversified, consisting chiefly of iron, cotton, lumber, furniture, 
textile, leather, cotton seed products, etc. 

The progress of Tennessee in manufacturing is shown by the 
following figures from the census: The manufacturing capital in 
1870 was $15,595,295; in 1900, $51,475,092, increase, 350 per 
cent.; hands employed, 1870, 19,412; 1900, 42,759, increase 250 
per cent.; w^ages paid, 1870, $5,390,630; 1900, $16,899,351, in- 
crease, 300 per cent; raw material used, 1870, $34,362,636; 1900, 
$72,365,286, gain over 100 per cent. The progress since 1900 has 
been steadily maintained and will show even a greater growth in 
the census of 1910. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

The scholastic population of the state free schools by the last 
census was 694,437, and is now about 800,000. The average daily 
attendance is 400,000. There are 7,500 schools in the state, em- 
ploying about 2,500 teachers. The total annual receipts for public 
schools approximates $3,000,000, over $7.00 per capita for each 
pupil attending. 

There are 1,000 private schools in the state and a large number 
of universities and colleges. Tennessee contains more seminaries 
and colleges than any state in the South. 



48 



Board of Officers 

Forming the Council of the American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers, 1905=1906 

President — Fred W. Taylor. 

Vice-Presidents— S. M. Vaiiclain, H. H. Westinghouse, George 
H. Barrus, Walter M. McFarland, Edward X. Trump, Robert ('. 
McKinney. 

Managers — Geo. I. Rockwood, John W. Lieb, Jr., Asa M. Mat- 
tice, Geo. M. Brill, Fred J. Miller, Richard H. Rice, Walter Laid- 
law, Frank G. Talliaan, Frederick M. Prescott. 

Treasurer— Wm, H. Wiley, 43-45 East Ninteenth street, New 
York, N. Y. 

Secretary— F. R. Hutton, 12 West Thirtv-first street, New 
York, N. Y. 

Chairman of Finance Committee —E, D. Meier. 

Honorary Councilors — Samuel T. Wellman, Edwin Reynolds, 
James M. Dodge, Ambrose Swasey, John R. Freeman. 

Local Committee — No. 1, Fred W. Taylor, president; No. 2, 
Wm. H. Wiley, treasurer; No. 3, Frederick R. Hutton, secretan-; 
No. 4, Francis W. Hoadley, assistant to treasurer and secretary; 
No. 5, Louis A. Gillet, assistant to secretary; No. 6, Charles A. 
Morrison, official stenographer; No. 7, Newell Sanders, A. S. M. PL, 
chairman general local committee; No. 8, B. T. Burt, A. I. E. E., 
secretary general local committee; No. 0, H. S. Chamberlain, 
A. L M." E.; No. 10, W. H. Collier, A. S. M. E.; No 11, J. C. Guild, 
A. S. C. E.; No. 12, Wm. H. Hume, A. S. M. E.; No. 13, Major 
H. C. Newcomer, Corps Engineers, U. S. A. 

Headquarters throughout the entire meeting will be at the Road 
House, and will be opened Tuesday noon. May 1, 1906. 

Tuesday afternoon, ]!lLiy 1, left free for assembly of members 
and for visits to points of interest throughout the city. 



49 



OPENING SESSION 

Tuesday Evening, May 1, 9:00 O'clock 

Assembly hall of the Eead House. 

Address of Welcome by Mayor W. L. Frierson, with response by 
Mr. Fred W. Taylor, president of the American Society of Mechani- 
cal Engineers. 

SOCIAL REUNION. 

This evening will give an opportunity for members to meet each 
other, to renew old acquaintances and to form new ones. It will 
be an informal gathering at which the ladies will be welcome. 



SECOND SESSION 

Wednesday Morning, May 2, 10:00 O'clock 

Assembly Hall of the Eead House. 

Business session for the report of tellers and committees and 
general business, xiny new business outside of the professional 
papers may be conveniently presented at this time. 

Until the hour of adjournment after the executive business has 
been concluded, the following papers will be presented: 

Xo. 085. ''Report of Committee on Standard Proportions for 
Machine Screws." 

No. 092. "Report of Committee Co-operating on Pennsylvania 
Railroad Locomotive Tests." 

No. 09(). Moseley, A. W., and Bacon, J. L.— "Effect of a 
Blow." 

Wednesday Afternoon, May 2 

EXCURSION. 

At 1 :00 o'clock sharp members and ladies will take trolley ears 
at the corner of Market and Ninth streets for the Chickamauga- 
C^hattanooga National JMilitary Park on Chickamauga Battlefield 
and United States Army Post. 

A carriage drive will be taken over the battlefield and park, 
where hundreds of monuments and historic tablets will be seen. 

50 



It Avas on this ground that 60,000 troops were encamped at one 
time during the Spanish-iVmerican war. 

Afterward the Twelfth United States Cavalry will give a regi- 
mental drill in honor of the visitors. Inhere is only one other place 
in the laiited States where this can be seen. 



THIRD SESSION 
Wednesday Evening. May 2, 8:30 O'clock 

Assembly Hall of the Eead House. 

Professional Papers as follows: 

No. 090. Bristol, Wm. H.— "Low Resistance Thermo-Electric 
Pyrometer and Compensator." 

JSTo. 089. Hibbard, Henry D. — "Manganese Steel." 

No. 094. Dodge, James M. — "An Introduction of the Taylor 
System." 

No. 091. Stewart, R. T. — "Collapsing Pressures of Bessemer 
Steel Lap-Welded Tubes." 

No. 093. Willcox, Geo. B. — "New Liquid Measuring Apparatus." 



CLOSING SESSION 

Thursday Morning, May 3, 9:30 O'clock 

Assembly Hall of the Read House. 

"Waterwheel Governing" is the subject which will be the prin- 
cipal matter of discussion at this session, and a number of short 
papers will be presented, to be followed by general discussion. 

Among those who will present papers on this subject are: 
Messrs. Replogle, Mark A., Buvinger, Geo. W., Sturgess, John, 
Henry, Geo. J., Jr. 

A number of others have also signified their intention of discuss- 
ing this subject orally. 

The following professional papers will then be presented: 

No. 088. Webber, Wm. 0.— "Efficiency Tests of Turbine 
Waterwheels." 

No. 097. Murray, Thos. E.— "The Improvement of the Ten- 
nessee River and Power Installation of the Chattanooga and Ten- 
nessee River Power Company at Hale's Bar, Tennessee." 



Thursday Afternoon, May 3 

EXCURSION. 

On Thursday afternoon at 2 o'clock there will be an excursion to 
Lookout Mountain by trolley and incline, from which will be 
viewed the city of Chattanooga, the windings of the Tennessee 
Eiver, the Cumberland Mountains, the Blue Eidge Mountains, the 
battlefields and the whole historic panorama. 

Thursday Evening, May 3, 8:30 O'clock 

RECEPTION. 

The local members of the American Engineering Societies, to- 
gether with other citizens of Chattanooga, will tender a reception 
to the officers, members and ladies of the Society at the Eead 
House at 8 :30 o'clock. 



Friday, May 4 

MORNING EXCURSION. 

On Friday morning at 9 :00 there will be an excursion for mem- 
bers and ladies to Missionary Eidge and other points of interest 
about the city. 

Also another excursion at the same time for members to indus- 
tries about the city. 

AFTERNOON EXCURSION. 

On Friday afternoon there will be an excursion for members 
and ladies by the steamboat "Chattanooga" on the Tennessee Eiver 
through the mountain section below Chattanooga to Hale's Bar, 
thirty-three miles by river, where a dam is being constructed to aid 
navigation, and which will furnish fifty thousand horse power to 
the factories in Chattanooga, twelve miles away in a straight line. 
The return trip will be by the Xashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis 
Eailroad from Shellmound, where the party will leave the boat. 

The expense of these trips, if anything, will not be large. 



53 



Some Information for Visitors and Strangers in the City 



Mar'ket street is the maiu thoroughfare, and the cross streets 
are designated east and west from it and numhered from First 
to Eleventh, beginning at the river. Broad street, next west of 
Market, from Ninth to the river: Chestnut, next west of Broad. 
Georgia avenue heads on Market at Eleventh and runs diagonally 
to the river. Read House, headquarters of the American Society 
of Mechanical Engineers, faces Ninth, between Broad and Chest- 
nut. Southern Hotel on Chestnut, facing Nintli. Williams House, 
corner Ninth and Market. Auditorium faces Ninth, near Georgia 
avenue. Times Building, corner Eighth and Georgia avenue. First 
National and American National Banks, corner Broad and Eighth. 
Postoffice on Eleventh street, near Market. Court House, Seventh 
street and Georgia avenue. Union Depot faces Ninth. Central 
Depot is on Market street. 

The City Electric cars go to transfer station at Market and 
Fifth streets. Rapid Transit cars leave from Ninth and Market 
streets. Northside cars leave Ninth and Broad streets, near Read 
House. 

The Rapid Transit cars reach National Cemetery, Orcliard Knob, 
East Lake, Highland Park, Sherman Heights, Ridgedale, Rossvillc 
and Chickamauga Park. Inquire for time card and rates to Chicka- 
mauga Park at office in "Keith's," corner Ninth and Market streets. 
National Cemetery is specially attractive. 

The Northside cars pass the Court House, cross the Tennessee 
river and reach Riverview and Golf and Country Club on one line 
and North Market on the other. North Market car leaves on the 
even hour and half past ; Riverview car on the quarter hour. 

The City Electric lines reach Orchard Knob, Ridgedale, East 
Lake, Missionary ]lidge, National Cemetery and Lookout Moun- 
tain. Cars going in can be taken anywhere for transfer station 
and car wanted taken there without extra fare. 

Lookout Mountain cars are so marked and pa.ss Williams House, 
Read House, Southern Hotel and Union Depot; reach incline sta- 
tion at St. Elmo, where tickets are sold for the top. Inquire about 

53 



rates for incline tickets. Can make the mountain trip and return 
in about two hours, but take more time if possible. 

The Government Park, on the side of the mountain, can be 
reached by way of the incline; Rock City and other points of inter- 
est on top of the mountain can be reached by carriages. Livery 
stable near the Inn. Also many points of interest by the electric 
cars on top, which leave upper incline station. 

Hack fares in the city are 35 cents single fare in city limits; 
$1.00 for first hour; 75 cents for second hour; 50 cents for third 
hour, and 25 cents for each hour after that. 

The National Military Pai'k includes the top and side of Look- 
out Mountain, Orchard Knob, Missionary Ridge and the main 
park of Chickamauga battlefield. The main park can be reached 
by the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railway from the Central 
Depot, or by the Rapid Transit lines, or by carriages. 

All the points named and many others can be easily visited by 
carriages from the livery stables. Special rates for parties. In- 
quire at the hotel for special rates. 

A drive to the park can be made in from five to eight hours, dis- 
tance from twenty to thirty miles, over the finest roads, but sev- 
eral days can be profitably spent in and about the park, as the 
territory is extensive, and the improvements and historical associa- 
tions of surpassing interest. 

The finest drive in the world (about twenty miles) from any of 
the hotels to the Court House and Fountain Square, out McCallie 
avenue, passing Fort Wood to N'ational Cemetery, Orchard Knob 
and Missionary Ridge ; along crest road to National Park, through 
the park and back via Rossville to the city; or, if preferred, back 
from Rossville to Lookout Mountain, inclines to the top and return 
to the city by electric cars or carriages. 

N. B. — For Missionary Ridge and Bragg's Tower take "Oak 
street and Highland Park" car, which leaves transfer station on 
the even hour. Transfer at the foot of ridge, where an extra fare 
is paid. Ridge cars only make one trip an hour at present; inquire 
about this. 



BD- 3a 



54 










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